The recent emphasis in criminological theory and research on “chronic offenders” assumes that involvement in crime is concentrated among a small group of offenders rather than being widespread in the population. To address this question, this study employs a longitudinal data base on criminal histories to estimate the prevalence of arrest—defined as the proportion of a population ever arrested—and the incidence of arrest—defined as the number of arrests incurred by those ever arrested—for an age cohort of young adults between the ages of 18 and 29. The results show that being arrested is a relatively common experience for young adults: nearly one‐quarter of the entire cohort and one‐third of the males in the cohort were arrested at least once. One of six males and two of five black males were arrested for an index offense. The data on incidence reveal the presence of a subset of “chronic offenders” who are responsible for a disproportionate number of arrests. However, defined in terms of three or more arrests for any offense, their numbers are smaller, but the data suggest it may be difficult to distinguish “chronic offenders” from “one‐time” offenders because 60% do not recidivate. These findings suggest that the current preoccupation with chronic offenders may obscure the broader social structural factors that cause very large segments of the population to come into conflict with the law.
The savings and loan crisis of the 1980s was one of the worst financial disasters of the twentieth century. We argue here that much financial fraud of the sort that contributed to this debacle constitutes "collective embezzlement," and that this collective embezzlement may be the prototypical corporate crime of the late twentieth century. We further argue that the state may have a different relationship to this kind of financial fraud than to manufacturing crime perpetrated on behalf of corporate profits. In the conclusion, we suggest that an understanding of the relationship between financial fraud and state interests may open up new regulatory space for the control of these costly crimes. Our data come from a wide variety of sources, including government documents, primary statistical data on prosecutions, and interviews with regulators.
Recent scandals at companies like Enron and WorldCom have pointed to the systemic origins of many corporate frauds. This paper advances the argument that behind those scandals were strategic political actions that changed the regulatory and legal environment in which those firms operated and created criminogenic institutional frameworks that facilitated acts of corporate corruption. Three case studies involving (1) the California energy crisis of the late 1990's, (2) the regulation of energy derivatives, and (3) accounting treatments of stock options, are presented to illustrate how markets and the rules that govern them are the products of political processes and how they can create motivations and opportunities for corporate fraud. The implications these case studies have for the study of corporate crime and corruption are discussed.Individual instances of white-collar crime-corporate executives who fix prices, bankers who embezzle, and investment bankers who trade on insider informationare routine features of modern life, ones that most of us accept as the price of living in complex market societies. In recent years, however, we have witnessed several periods in which fraud and corruption have swept through a number of industries, leaving thousands of victims with massive financial losses, hundreds of indictments and calls for new legislation in their wake. The savings and loan crisis of the late 1980's and the more recent corporate accounting scandals involving high-flying firms like WorldCom and Enron exemplify this pattern. These events suggest something at work that goes beyond the individual offender who has given into temptation and raise the possibility that large-scale institutional failures lie behind these epidemics of white-collar and corporate crime. A number of criminologists have come to realize that to understand these phenomena it is not enough to focus on individual white-collar employees or corporate executives, applying to them wellworn criminological theories that have been used to explain street crimes, but instead one must look at how the larger institutional environments in which they operate Crime Law Soc Change (2009) 51:73-86
The question of punishment of white‐collar criminals is addressed in this paper through an examination of sanctions imposed on health care providers convicted of defrauding California's Medicaid “Medi‐Cal” system. Quantitative data were collected from Medi‐Cal case files and, for comparative purposes, from a statewide data base maintained by the California Bureau of Criminal Statistics for grand theft arrestees. Qualitative data comprising interviews with Medi‐Cal enforcement personnel supplement the analysis. The analysis of criminal sanctions reveals greater leniency in the punishment of Medi‐Cal offenders than in the punishment of similarly charged non‐white‐collar offenders. The findings are related to recent debates regarding the severity of punishment for white‐collar offenders.
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) following preterm birth and congenital diaphragmatic hernia (CDH) are both forms of developmental lung disease that may result in persistent pulmonary and pulmonary vascular morbidity in childhood. The pulmonary vascular disease (PVD) which accompanies BPD and CDH is due to developmental abnormalities and ongoing perinatal insults. This may be accompanied by evidence of elevated right heart pressures and pulmonary vascular resistance, leading to diagnosis of pulmonary hypertension (PH). The development of PH in these conditions is associated with increased morbidity and mortality in the vulnerable BPD and CDH populations. We present a review of PVD pathogenesis and evaluation in BPD and CDH and discuss management of related sequelae of PH co‐morbidity for affected infants.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.
hi@scite.ai
10624 S. Eastern Ave., Ste. A-614
Henderson, NV 89052, USA
Copyright © 2024 scite LLC. All rights reserved.
Made with 💙 for researchers
Part of the Research Solutions Family.