Worldwide, eucalyptus tree plantations have been established in appropriate climates because of fast growth and wood qualities suitable mainly for pulp. A potential exists of converting eucalyptus trees into lumber that may be of higher value than pulp. Conventional drying of lumber of Eucalyptus globulus is often difficult because of the occurrence of drying stresses, leading to collapse and checking. The special method of vacuum drying while heating the wood with high-frequency energy (75-77 mbar, 46-51 C) was used to obtain short drying times (5-13 days from green state to 10% final moisture content) and low crack amount.
The use of wood-based materials in the automotive industry is currently under discussion and investigation. One of the major material requirements for such applications is sufficient weathering stability. This can be demonstrated by an accelerated aging process in which the samples are exposed to changing climatic conditions and a spray mist of an aqueous NaCl solution. The effects of media salt (NaCl) on the mechanical and physical properties of wood have scarcely been investigated. The presented study investigated the changes in bending strength (MOR), modulus of elasticity (MOE), and impact bending strength (α) of naturally and artificially weathered oak (Quercus spp.) and birch (Betula pendula Roth) wood. The tests provided comparable results. The decrease under natural weathering of oak was 3.73%, 4.69%, and 6.45% for MOR, MOE, and α. Under artificial weathering the decrease observed for oak was 7.33%, 10.87%, and 16.29% and 3.2%, 8.21%, and 4.03% for birch respectively. It is remarkable that α increased for birch wood at the beginning of the artificial weathering cycles. The penetration of the aqueous NaCl solution into the wood substance resulted in an increase in the wood’s equilibrium moisture content (EMC), which can be explained by the stronger hygroscopic properties of NaCl compared to wood. The higher impact strength at the beginning of artificial weathering can be partly explained by this increase in EMC. In order to investigate the penetration behavior of salt into the wood substrate, the artificially weathered samples were examined by means of energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX) and it was shown that the salt concentration changes significantly over the weathering cycles and sample cross-section.
Soft Power gilt als friedliche Form der Durchsetzung geopolitischer Interessen. Joseph Nye prägte diesen Begriff in den 90igern und stellte in klar der Hard Power gegenüber, die mit härteren Methoden wie Krieg, Bedrohung, Bestechung und Korruption operiert. Sie war und ist historisch gesehen die erste Option in der Lösung internationaler Konfl ikte. Da aber die Folgeschäden nicht absehbar sind und sie meistens nur kurz aber keine mittelfristige Lösung brachte, musste ein Umdenken geschehen. Wie weit aber Soft Power für eine bessere Konfl iktlösung beiträgt, ist fraglich und Gegenstand dieses Textes. Schlüsselworte: softpower, hard power, osterweiterung, Europäische Union, geopolitik. Introducción. Im politischen Diskurs der 90iger Jahren prägte Joseph Nye den Begriff der Soft Power und dieser sollte einen Paradigmenwechsel in der Geopolitik herbeiführen. Während politische Interessen seit jeherdurch "harte Methoden" durchgesetzt wurden, setzt die Soft Power auf Überzeugung. Während die Hard Power kriegerische Mittel oder Methoden wie die Korruption, Bedrohung oder Bestechung von politischen oder wirtschaftlichen Entscheidungsträgern mit einschließt, baut die Soft Power einzig und allein auf die Überzeugungskraft von kultureller Attraktivität, Ideologie oder den Institutionen auf. Sie ist eindeutig friedlicher Часть IV Мягкая сила: мексиканский взгляд
Criticism of Soft Power as a Method of Geopolitical Interests Peaceful EnforcementAbstract Soft power is seen as a peaceful form of geopolitical interests enforcement. Joseph Nye formed this concept in the 90s, and put it in clear contrast to hard power, which operates with tougher methods such as war, threat, bribery and corruption. It has historically been the fi rst option in solving international confl icts. However, since the consequential damages are not foreseeable and they usually results in a short-term but not long-them solution, a rethinking had to be done. How far Soft Power contributes to a better confl ict resolution is questionable and the subject of this text.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.