In this article, we consider the effect of criminal records on college admissions. Nearly 72 percent of colleges require criminal history information during their application processes, which indicates that an applicant's criminal history could be a significant impediment to achieving the benefits associated with higher education. We conducted a modified experimental audit to learn whether and to what extent criminal records affect admissions decisions. Matched same-race pairs of tester applications were sent to a national sample of nonelite 4-year colleges, with both testers applying as either Black or White. Within each pair, one application signaled a prior low-level felony conviction only when required by the application. Consistent with the findings of research on employment, we find the rejection rate for applicants with felony convictions was nearly 2.5 times the rate of our control testers. Relative to the large racial differences observed in previous studies of hiring decisions, we find smaller racial differences in admissions decisions. Nevertheless, Black applicants with criminal records were particularly penalized when disclosing a felony record at colleges with high campus crime rates. We address implications for reentry, racial progress, and the college "Ban the Box" movement. We suggest colleges consider narrowing the scope of such inquiries or removing the question altogether -particularly when it conflicts with the goals of these institutions, including reducing the underrepresentation of students of color." 156

In this article two cases of primary malignant extrarenal rhabdoid tumour are described. In the affected children the brain and the spinal cord were the primary sites of origin of the tumour. The imaging findings are presented and the pathology discussed. Although the imaging features are non-specific, rhabdoid tumour should be included in the differential diagnosis of childhood intracranial and spinal neoplasms.

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Data from 121 consecutive patients with hypertension and renovascular disease, first diagnosed between 1975 and 1982 in Glasgow and Newcastle, were analysed retrospectively to determine the factors which influenced their outcome. Thirty-six patients died between the data of arteriography and 1st January 1987, giving five and ten year survival rates of 83% and 67%. Survival was greatly reduced in comparison with that of age-sex-matched controls in the general population of the West of Scotland, and was also less than that of essential hypertensives matched for age, sex, initial diastolic blood pressure and smoking habit who had attended the Glasgow Blood Pressure Clinic during the same period. Multivariate analysis showed that age, cigarette smoking and presence of atheromatous disease were significantly and independently related to outcome among the patients with renovascular disease, whereas male sex, centre of origin, severity of hypertension when first seen, initial renal function and presence of bilateral disease were not. Despite a trend towards benefit from surgical intervention (ten year survival in medical group 62%, in surgical group 71%; p = 0.19) our data do not prove that intervention is better than medical treatment, largely because the decision on intervention was not randomised. A prospective trial would be required to answer this important question.

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