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some.of.his. image.processing.teaching.ideas.and.slides.with.us.and.for.providing.us.his.feedback. on.Chapters.3.and.4..We.would.also.like.to.thank.Alireza.Darvish.and.Jerry.James. Zacharias.for.providing.us.with.their.invaluable.feedback.on.several.chapters.of.this. book..The.detailed.feedback.from.these.individuals.helped.us.improve.the.signal.and. image.processing.chapters.of.this.book. Moreover,.we.would.like.to.thank.all.hospitals,.clinics,.industrial.units,.and.individuals.who.shared.with.us.their.biomedical.and.nonbiomedical.images.and.signals.. In.each.chapter,.the.sources.of.all.contributed.images.and.signals.are.mentioned,.and. the.contribution.of.the.people.or.agencies.that.provided.the.data.is.acknowledged. xxi Processing.of.biological.and.medical.information.has.long.been.a.dynamic.field.of. life. science.. Before. the. widespread. use. of. digital. computers,. however,. almost. all. processing.was.performed.by.human.experts.directly..For.instance,.in.processing. and.analysis.of.the.vital.signs.(such.as.blood.pressure),.physicians.had.to.rely.entirely. on.their.hearing.and.visual.and.heuristic.experience..The.accuracy.and.reliability. of.such."manual".diagnostic.processes.are.limited.by.a.number.of.factors,.including.limitations.of.humans.in.extracting.and.detecting.certain.features.from.signals.. Moreover,.such.manual.analysis.of.medical.data.suffers.from.other.factors.such.as. human.errors.due.to.fatigue.and.subjectiveness.of.the.decision-making.processes.. In. the. last. few. decades,. advancements. of. the. emerging. biomedical. sensing. and. imaging.technologies.such.as.magnetic.resonance.imaging.(MRI),.x-ray.computed. tomography.(CT).imaging,.and.ultrasound.imaging.have.provided.us.with.very.large. amounts. of. biomedical. data. that. can. never. be. processed. by. medical. practitioners. within.a.finite.time.span. Biomedical. information. processing. comprises. the. techniques. that. apply. mathematical.tools.to.extract.important.diagnostic.information.from.biomedical.and.biological.data..Due.to.the.size.and.complexity.of.such.data,.computers.are.put.to.the.task. of.processing,.visualizing,.and.even.classifying.samples..The.main.steps.of.a.typical. biomedical.measurement.and.processing.system.are.shown.in.Figure I.1..As.can.be. seen,.the.first.step.is.to.identify.the.relevant.physical.properties.of.the.biomedical. system.that.can.be.measured.using.suitable.sensors..For.example,.. electrocardiogram. (ECG).is.a.signal.that.records.the.electrical.activities.of.the.heart.muscles.and.is.used. to.evaluate.many.functional.characteristics.of.the.heart. Once.a.biomedical.signal.is.recorded.by.a.sensor,.it.has.to.be.preprocessed.and. filtered..This.is.necessary.because.the.measured.signal.often.contains.some.undesirable.noise.that.is.combined.with.the.relevant.biomedical.signal..The.usual.sources.of. noise.include.the.activities.of.other.biological.systems.that.interfere.with.the.desirable.signal.and.the.variations.due.to.sensor.imperfections..In.the.ECG.example,.the. electrical.si...

This article reports new measurements of laser-induced plasma hypersonic expansion measurements of diatomic molecular cyanide (CN). Focused, high-peak-power 1064 nm Q-switched radiation of the order of 1 TW/cm 2 generated optical breakdown plasma in a cell containing a 1:1 molar gas mixture of N 2 and CO 2 at a fixed pressure of 1.1 × 10 5 Pascal and in a 100 mL/min flow of the mixture. Line-of-sight (LOS) analysis of recorded molecular spectra indicated the outgoing shockwave at expansion speeds well in excess of Mach 5. Spectra of atomic carbon confirmed increased electron density near the shockwave, and, equally, molecular CN spectra revealed higher excitation temperature near the shockwave. Results were consistent with corresponding high-speed shadowgraphs obtained by visualization with an effective shutter speed of 5 nanoseconds. In addition, LOS analysis and the application of integral inversion techniques allow inferences about the spatiotemporal plasma distribution.

This article discusses laser-induced laboratory-air plasma measurements and analysis of hydroxyl (OH) ultraviolet spectra. The computations of the OH spectra utilize line strength data that were developed previously and that are now communicated for the first time. The line strengths have been utilized extensively in interpretation of recorded molecular emission spectra and have been well-tested in laser-induced fluorescence applications for the purpose of temperature inferences from recorded data. Moreover, new experiments with Q-switched laser pulses illustrate occurrence of molecular recombination spectra for time delays of the order of several dozen of microseconds after plasma initiation. The OH signals occur due to the natural humidity in laboratory air. Centrifugal stretching of the Franck-Condon factors and r-centroids are included in the process of determining the line strengths that are communicated as a Supplementary File. Laser spectroscopy applications of detailed OH computations include laser-induced plasma and combustion analyses, to name but two applications. This work also includes literature references that address various diagnosis applications.