Eleven years after Lung Health Study (LHS) entry, we performed spirometry in 77.4% of surviving participants who enrolled in a long-term follow-up study. Those not enrolling tended to be younger male heavy smokers who continued to smoke during the LHS. Their initial LHS lung function, after adjustment for these factors, did not differ from that of enrollees. Smoking habits by original LHS treatment groups (smoking intervention vs. usual care) tended to converge, but 93% of participants who were abstinent throughout the LHS were still abstinent at 11 years. Differences in lung function between treatment groups persisted; smoking intervention participants had less decline in FEV(1) than usual care participants. Men who quit at the beginning of the LHS had an FEV(1) rate of decline of 30.2 ml/year, whereas women who quit declined at 21.5 ml/year. Men continuing to smoke throughout the 11 years declined by 66.1 ml/year, and women continuing to smoke declined by 54.2 ml/year. When decline in FEV(1) was expressed as a percentage of predicted normal value, no significant sex-based difference was apparent among continuing smokers. At 11 years, 38% of continuing smokers had an FEV(1) less than 60% of the predicted normal value compared with 10% of sustained quitters.

Objective To examine the effect of an exercise and dietary intervention during pregnancy on excessive gestational weight gain (EGWG), dietary habit and physical activity in pregnant women.Design Randomised controlled trial.Setting Community-based study.Population Nondiabetic urban-living pregnant women (<26 weeks of gestation).Methods Participants in the intervention group were provided with community-based group exercise sessions, instructed home exercise and dietary counselling between 20 and 36 weeks of gestation. Participants in both groups received physical activity and food intake surveys at enrolment and 2 months after the enrolment.Main outcome measures Prevalence of EGWG and measures of physical activity and food intakes between the two groups.Results A total of 190 pregnant women, 88 in the control group and 102 in the intervention group, completed the study. Decreased daily intakes of calorie, fat, saturated fat and cholesterol were detected in participants in the intervention group at 2 months after enrolment compared with the control group (P < 0.01). Participants in the intervention group had higher physical activity 2 months after enrolment compared with the control group (P < 0.01). The lifestyle intervention during pregnancy reduced the prevalence of EGWG in the intervention group compared with the control group (P < 0.01) according to the guidelines of the Institute of Medicine. ConclusionThe findings suggest that lifestyle intervention during pregnancy increased physical activity, improved dietary habits and reduced EGWG in urban-living pregnant women.

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