No abstract

Complications continue to be associated with pediatric cardiac catheterization. Efforts should be directed to improving equipment for flexibility and size, and finding alternative methods for vascular access. Patient age and interventional studies are risk factors for morbidity and mortality.

Right atrial isomerism continues to have an associated high mortality despite surgical innovations. Management of pulmonary vein obstruction remains a serious problem and is associated with high mortality.

Ongoing loss of sinus rhythm and late peaks in the risk of atrial flutter and death necessitate continued follow-up.

No abstract

We conclude that age at detection of scimitar syndrome is important in predicting outcome. Surgical repair seldom results in normal blood flow to the right lung but abolishes left-to-right shunt. Postoperative pulmonary venous obstruction is prevalent, especially in the infants.

Considerable literature concerning cardiac tumors in infancy and childhood has accumulated summarizing the prevalence, histologic types, clinical presentation and outcome, and changing imaging algorithms [1, 7, 10, 14, 20, 24, 33, 37, 43, 48, 57, 58, 60-62, 67, 69, 70, 90, 105, 106, 110, 124, 139, 140, 142, 143, 149]. In this review, we focus on selected aspects of cardiac tumors in the neonate, infant, and child, with an emphasis on imaging modalities [6, 13, 15, 18, 21-23, 60, 71, 77, 80, 92, 98, 99, 103, 107, 112, 114, 119, 146]. Various types of primary cardiac tumors in childhood are discussed in this article.

Both cardiac and noncardiac anomalies contribute to a high mortality with LAI. Cardiac transplantation may need to be a considered a primary option for selected high-risk patients.