Opening ParagraphAfrican religious history in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries has been dominated by the rapid growth of Islam and Christianity. This has been especially true of the Senegambia region of West Africa, which has witnessed the adoption of Islam by approximately 80 per cent of the region's populace and the development of a small, but influential Christian minority. Among the Diola of the Casamance region of Senegal, Islam and Christianity have both enjoyed rapid growth. The approximately half million Diola, however, include the largest number of adherents of their traditional religion within the Senegambian region. They are sedentary rice farmers and are usually described as acephalous peoples. While Muslims and Christians have been in contact with the Diola since the fifteenth century there were few conversions during the pre-colonial era (Baum, 1986). During the colonial era Islam became the dominant religion among the Diola on the north shore of the Casamance river, and Christianity also attracted a considerable following (Mark, 1985). Among the south shore communities neither Islam nor Christianity became important until after the Second World War. Seeing the increased momentum of recent years, many observers are confident that the south shore Diola will follow the northern example and convert to Islam or Christianity. Louis Vincent Thomas, the doyen of Diola ethnographers, described Diola traditional religion as ‘a false remedy to a very real crisis; fetishism will become a temporary response that will be quickly swept away by another attempt, even larger and undoubtedly more profound: Islam and perhaps we could add, Christianity’ (Thomas, 1967: 225; translations are my own, unless otherwise stated).
The manufacture of orange juice sometimes involves the use of flavor fractions recovered from oranges. The impact of such flavor fractions on Salmonella viability was investigated. A five-strain cocktail of salmonellae was challenged with a singlefold cold-pressed peel oil (CPO), a fivefold CPO, a terpeneless CPO, and an aqueous orange aroma stored at 4 and 25 degrees C. The results obtained in this study indicate that the test compounds possess substantial antimicrobial activity and can cause population reductions larger than the 5-log10 performance standard required by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration's juice hazard analysis critical control point rule (21 CFR 120). The times required to achieve 5-log10 reductions in Salmonella populations ranged from 0.03 to 42.8 h. In general, levels of antimicrobial activity for the test substances were in the following order: terpeneless CPO > five-fold CPO > single-fold CPO > aqueous aroma.
This is an open access article under the terms of the Creat ive Commo ns Attri bution-NonCo mmercial License, which permits use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited and is not used for commercial purposes.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.