The Clinician’s Guide to Prevention and Treatment of Osteoporosis was developed by an expert committee of the National Osteoporosis Foundation (NOF) in collaboration with a multispecialty council of medical experts in the field of bone health convened by NOF. Readers are urged to consult current prescribing information on any drug, device, or procedure discussed in this publication.

Our data indicate that women who develop a vertebral fracture are at substantial risk for additional fracture within the next year.

CONTENTS 1. Introduction 3888 2. Clean Surfaces 3888 2.1. TiO 2 (110) 3888 2.2. TiO 2 (011) 3891 2.3. TiO 2 (100) 3892 2.4. TiO 2 (001) 3893 2.5. TiO 2 (111) 3893 2.6. Stepped Surfaces 3893 2.6.1. TiO 2 (210) 3893 2.6.2. TiO 2 (771) and TiO 2 (870) 3893 3. Inorganic Nonmetallic Adsorbates 3894 3.1. Oxygen 3894 3.1.1. r-TiO 2 (110) at Room Temperature 3894 3.1.2. r-TiO 2 (110) at Low Temperature 3895 3.1.3. h-TiO 2 (110) 3900 3.2. Hydrogen Adsorbates 3901 3.2.1. Water 3902 3.2.2. Atomic Hydrogen 3905 3.3. Carbon Adsorbates 3907 3.3.1. CO 2 3907 3.3.2. CO 3909 3.3.3. C 60 3909 3.4. Silicon 3912 3.5. Nitrogen Adsorbates 3912 3.5.1. NO 2 3912 3.5.2. NO 3913 3.5.3. N 2 O 3913 3.5.4. N 2 3913 3.5.5. NH 3 3914 3.6. Sulfur Adsorbates 3915 3.6.1. SO 2 3915 3.6.2. S 3915 3.7. Chlorine 4. Organic Adsorbates 4.1. Organic Acids 4.1.1. TiO 2 (110) 4.1.2. TiO 2 (011) 4.1.3. TiO 2 (001) 4.1.4. TiO 2 (111) 4.2. Alcohols 4.2.1. TiO 2 (110) 4.2.2. Other TiO 2 Surfaces 4.3. Aldehydes, Ketones, and Acid Anhydrides 4.4. Amine, Azo, and Pyridine Compounds 4.5. Aromatic Hydrocarbons 4.6. Organometallic Compounds 5. Metals 5.1. Group 1 5.1.1. TiO 2 (110) 5.1.2. TiO 2 (100) 5.1.3. TiO 2 (441) 5.2. Group 2 5.2.1. TiO 2 (110) 5.2.2. TiO 2 (011) 5.2.3. TiO 2 (100) 5.2.4. TiO 2 (001) 5.3. Group 4 5.4. Group 5

Understanding the surface chemistry of TiO2 is key to the development and optimisation of many technologies, such as solar power, catalysis, gas sensing, medical implantation, and corrosion protection. In order to address this, considerable research effort has been directed at model single crystal surfaces of TiO2. Particular attention has been given to the rutile TiO2(110) surface because it is the most stable face of TiO2. In this critical review, we discuss the chemical reactivity of TiO2(110), focusing in detail on four molecules/classes of molecules. The selected molecules are water, oxygen, carboxylic acids, and alcohols-all of which have importance not only to industry but also in nature (173 references).

BMD was significantly reduced in female MS patients, which might increase fracture risk two- to threefold. Vitamin D deficiency with secondary hyperparathyroidism is prevalent and is probably a significant cause of low BMD in this population. Vitamin D deficiency in the female MS patient might be safely and inexpensively corrected by the routine use of vitamin D supplements.

The interaction of water with TiO is crucial to many of its practical applications, including photocatalytic water splitting. Following the first demonstration of this phenomenon 40 years ago there have been numerous studies of the rutile single-crystal TiO(110) interface with water. This has provided an atomic-level understanding of the water-TiO interaction. However, nearly all of the previous studies of water/TiO interfaces involve water in the vapour phase. Here, we explore the interfacial structure between liquid water and a rutile TiO(110) surface pre-characterized at the atomic level. Scanning tunnelling microscopy and surface X-ray diffraction are used to determine the structure, which is comprised of an ordered array of hydroxyl molecules with molecular water in the second layer. Static and dynamic density functional theory calculations suggest that a possible mechanism for formation of the hydroxyl overlayer involves the mixed adsorption of O and HO on a partially defected surface. The quantitative structural properties derived here provide a basis with which to explore the atomistic properties and hence mechanisms involved in TiO photocatalysis.

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