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This review consolidates information gleaned from several case reports and larger series on Ewing's sarcoma family of tumors (EFT) involving structures related to and found in the central nervous system (CNS). These tumors involve the skull, the spinal column, adjacent soft tissues, the meninges, and the brain. We have separated the cases by skull region and spinal column level, and we discuss the attendant differences in prognosis following treatment by neurosurgery, radiation, and chemotherapy. Light and electron microscopic features can be used to differentiate EFT from other small round blue cell tumors that involve the CNS (central primitive neuroectodermal tumor, lymphoma, etc.). Recent molecular and genetic findings in EFT provide new diagnostic methods. We conclude that EFT involving the CNS and adjacent structures is not so rare as previously stated and that the prognosis is more favorable, as a rule, than for the more common examples arising in the long bones and pelvis.

A biomechanical study was performed on 12 cadaveric arms to define the normal profiles of force transmission through the ulna and radius and demonstrate the effect on these of simulated injury of the distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ). Strain gauges were used to measure the axial and bending forces transmitted through each bone. Axial force transmitted through the ulna is, broadly, reciprocal to that seen in the radius, with the greatest force seen in supination. In all 12 arms, axial loading of the hand created an anterior bending force (to create a posterior convexity) in the distal radius. Axial loading of the hand created an anterior bending force in the distal ulna for half the specimens and a posterior bending force in the remaining half. Division and division with reconstruction of either the volar or the dorsal distal radioulnar ligament (DRUL) had no significant effect on force transmission through the ulna and radius, while excision of the ulnar head significantly disrupted the profiles of the axial and bending forces.

A kinematic study was performed to examine the influence of elbow position on the range of supination and pronation of the forearm. The ranges of supination and pronation were measured in 50 volunteers (25 men and 25 women) using a custom-designed jig which constrained unwanted and confounding movements of the limb. Measurements were taken with the elbow in full extension, 45 degrees flexion, 90 degrees flexion and full flexion. The data showed a reciprocal relationship between the range of supination and the range of pronation of the forearm which depended on the degree of elbow flexion. As the elbow is flexed, the maximum angle of supination increases while the maximum angle of pronation decreases (p<0.001). The converse is true as the elbow is extended (p<0.001).

A 1-year-old female infant presented with a large 7–8 cm Ewing’s sarcoma of the left parietal calvarium. It deeply indented the subjacent hemisphere. Wide surgical excision was followed by chemotherapy but not radiation. The patient was clinically free of tumor when she expired 9 months later of sepsis. Though primary Ewing’s sarcoma of the skull is said to be relatively rare, we have tabulated 37 cases of this disorder, including the present one (we excluded mandibular tumors (>100 cases) since they are not usually treated by neurosurgeons). The mean age was 11 years and of those available to follow-up, three quarters were tumor-free 6 months to 7 years postsurgery. The remainder survived an average of 21 months. Ewing’s tumors of the calvarium generally grant a favorable prognosis following surgery and/or radiation and chemotherapy. Those at the base of the brain may be more difficult to eradicate. In addition to primary Ewing’s tumors, metastases to the skull and the brain from other primary sources in the skeleton have been documented in several reports.

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common problem in map design is the printing ink. The dot pattern was made as A one of selecting screens with which to dark as possible without having the individual show a scale of values. The screens should, dots coalesce. Figures 1 and 2 show these as closely as possible, give a visual impression screens. commensurate with the values they represent.Some preliminary testing showed that the A typical example would be a rainfall map intervals between the dark tones were too with steps of 10, 20, 40, and 80 inches. How great. To correct this the screens for the tridark should each screen be to give the truest angular-spaced dots from 2 percent to 60 pervisual impression of these values relative to cent were photographically reversed giving each other? The purpose of this study was to additional screens with the following percent determine what values printed screens should values: 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 64, 68, 72, 75, 78, have to give even-appearing visual steps from SO, 82, 84, 86, 88, 90, 92, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, white to full color. Tone symbol tests were and 98. All of these screens were printed in made with black, and, in order to see if colored screens behaved the same as black ones, TABLE PE PERCENT VALUES OF SCREENS DRAWN FOR for the colors red, orange, yellow, green, blue, TONE SYMBOL TESTS and brown.2 Tests were also given to see if