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IntroductionDiscovery in science is the generation of novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge about the objects of study. Literature-related discovery (LRD) is the linking of two or more concepts that have heretofore not been linked (i.e., disjoint), in order to produce new knowledge (i.e., potential discovery). Two major variants of LRD are: open discovery systems (ODS), where one starts with a problem and generates a potential solution (or vice versa), and closed discovery systems (CDS), where one starts with a problem and a potential solution and generates linking mechanism(s).This chapter reviews the state-of-the-art in ODS LRD only. It examines the major LRD concepts, evaluates each concept in detail from the perspective of discovery capability, and examines the level of potential discovery reported in the literature from each concept's implementation. In the evaluation of potential discovery claimed in the published literature, a vetting process is used that requires both characteristics of ODS LRD to be present in order for potential discovery to be affirmed: concepts are linked that have not been linked previously and novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge is produced.The major conclusions are that, until recently, most of the reported ODS LRD techniques 5-3 have not generated discovery and this lack of discovery has hampered the growth of ODS LRD substantially. However, ODS LRD techniques have been developed that allow significantly greater amounts of potential discovery to be generated systematically.Discovery is ascertaining something previously unknown or unrecognized. More formally, "Discovery in science is the generation of novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge about the objects of study" (Valdes-Perez, 1999, p. 336). It can result from uncovering previously unknown information, from synthesis of publicly available knowledge whose independent segments have never been combined, and/or through invention. In turn, the discovery could derive from logical exploitation of a knowledge base and/or from spontaneous creativity (e.g., Edisonian discoveries from trial and error) (Kostoff, 2003). Innovation reflects the metamorphosis from present practice to some new, ideally "better" practice. It can be based on existing non-implemented knowledge. It can follow discovery directly or resuscitate dormant discovery that has languished for decades.Literature-related discovery (LRD) is a systematic approach to bridging unconnected disciplines based on text mining procedures. LRD allows potentially radical discovery to be hypothesized using either the technical literature alone, or the literature and its authors.In the LRD context, discovery is linking two or more literature concepts that have heretofore not been linked (i.e., disjoint), in order to produce novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge. Thus, simply linking two or more disparate concepts is a necessary, but not sufficient, condition for LRD. In particular, concepts may be disjoint b...

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Report Documentation PageForm Public reporting burden for the collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instructions, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington Headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1215 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Arlington VA 22202-4302. Respondents should be aware that notwithstanding any other provision of law, no person shall be subject to a penalty for failing to comply with a collection of information if it does not display a currently valid OMB control number. REPORT DATE NOV 20072 ABSTRACTDiscovery in science is the generation of novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge about the objects of study. Literature-related discovery (LRD) is the linking of two or more literature concepts that have heretofore not been linked (i.e., disjoint), in order to produce novel interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge (i.e., potential discovery). SUBJECT TERMS SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF: 17. LIMITATION OF ABSTRACT Same as Report (SAR)18 ABSTRACTDiscovery in science is the generation of novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge about the objects of study. Literature-related discovery (LRD) is the linking of two or more literature concepts that have heretofore not been linked (i.e., disjoint), in order to produce novel, interesting, plausible, and intelligible knowledge (i.e., potential discovery). LRD has two main components that differ in their methodological approach to discovery:• Literature-based discovery (LBD) produces potential discovery through analysis of the technical literature alone.• Literature-assisted discovery (LAD) produces potential discovery through both analysis of the technical literature and use of selected authors of that literature. These authors generate potential discovery as proposers, workshop/panel participants, or in other active roles.In turn, there are two types of LBD and LAD: open discovery systems (ODS), where one starts with a problem and arrives at a solution, and closed discovery systems (CDS), where one starts with a problem and a solution, then determines the mechanism(s) that links them.LRD offers the promise of large amounts of potential discovery, for the following reasons:• the burgeoning technical literature contains a very large pool of technical concepts in myriad technical areas; • researchers spend full time trying to cover the literature in their own research fields and are relatively unfamiliar with research in other especially disparate fields of research; • the large number of technical concepts (and disparate technical concepts) means that many combinations of especially disparate technical concepts exist 3• by the laws of probability, some of these c...