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Traditionally, etch-and-rinse adhesive systems have used phosphoric acid to condition enamel surfaces and successfully create a strong, durable bond to resin-based materials. Newer adhesive systems now use acid monomers to bond resin materials to both enamel and dentin. These newer adhesives do not provide the same degree of bonding to enamel as etch-and-rinse systems, and extending the application time does not improve their performance. SUMMARYThe current study examined the effect of different enamel conditioning times on surface roughness and bond strength using an etch-and-rinse system and four self-etch adhesives. Surface roughness (Ra) and composite to enamel shear bond strengths (SBS) were determined following the treatment of flat ground human enamel (4000 grit) with five adhesive systems: 1) Adper Single Bond Plus (SBP), 2) Adper Prompt L-Pop (PLP), 3) Clearfil SE Bond (CSE), 4) Clearfil S 3 Bond (CS3) and 5) Xeno IV (X4), using recommended treatment times and an extended treatment time of 60 seconds (n=10/group). Control groups were also included for Ra (4000 grit surface) and SBS (no enamel treatment and Adper Scotchbond Multi-Purpose Adhesive). For surface roughness measurements, the phosphoric acid conditioner of the SBP etch-and-rinse system was rinsed from the surface with an air-water spray, and the other four self-etch adhesive agents were removed with alternating rinses of water and acetone. A Proscan 2000 non-contact profilometer was used to determine Ra values. Composite (Z100) to enamel bond strengths (24 hours) were determined using Ultradent fixtures and they were debonded with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/minute. The data were analyzed with ANOVA and Fisher's LSD post-hoc test. The etch-and-

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