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Animal alarm calls can encode information about a predator's category, size, distance or threat level. In non-human primates, alarm calls typically refer to broad classes of disturbances, in some instances to specific predators. Here, we present the results of a field experiment with a New World primate, the black-fronted titi monkey (Callicebus nigrifrons), designed to explore the information conveyed by their alarm call system. Adults produced sequences consisting of two main alarm call types that conveyed, in different parts of the utterance, information about a predator's type and location. In particular, sequence compositions differed depending on whether the predator was a mammalian carnivore or a raptor, and whether it was detected in a tree or on the ground. This is the first demonstration of a sequence-based alarm call system in a non-human animal that has the capacity to encode both location and type of predatory threat.

a b s t r a c tThe zoo visitor effect is the change in animal behaviour and physiology in response to the presence of a viewing public. It is thought to result from, amongst other things, visitor generated sound (i.e., noise), but this hypothesis has never been explicitly tested. We tested this hypothesis through observations on the behaviour and enclosure use of 12 mammal species held in 12 separate enclosures at the Belo Horizonte Zoo when exposed to different sound pressure levels (i.e., noise) from the visiting public. Noise pollution levels were significantly higher with the public present and increased with increasing audience size. Species that are more popular suffered greater noise pollution from the zoo visitors. No overall effects on behaviour were found in relation to noise levels, however, analysis of behaviour at the individual level found some significant differences. Notably, half of the individuals increased their vigilance behaviour with increasing sound levels and approximately onethird of individuals increased their movements. These results show that zoo visitors have a negative welfare impact on individual zoo-housed mammals, especially groups of noisy visitors where levels were recorded outside of the recommended limits for human wellbeing (>70 dB(A)). Thus, zoos need to address this issue, probably, through a combination of visitor education campaigns and acoustic modification to enclosures.

The loggerhead sea turtle, Caretta caretta, is the most common species of sea turtle nesting in Brazil and is listed as endangered by the IUCN. Our study characterizes the genetic structure of loggerheads in Brazil based on mitochondrial DNA control region variability and presents a hypothesis for the colonization of Brazilian rookeries. We analyzed 329 samples from Brazilian rookeries and an oceanic foraging ground, and we compared our results with previously published data for other loggerhead populations. Brazilian rookeries had four haplotypes, none of which have been reported for rookeries outside Brazil. Six haplotypes were found in the foraging aggregation. The presence of the CC-A4 haplotype at all sampled sites and the low nucleotide diversity suggest a common origin for all rookeries, with CC-A4 being the ancestral haplotype of the Brazilian populations. The occurrence of three haplotypes in the foraging aggregation that are known only from rookeries outside of Brazil is consistent with the transoceanic migratory behavior of loggerheads. Our results indicated that the colonization of Brazilian rookeries probably occurred from the southern USA stock. This recent colonization most likely followed a north to south route along the Brazilian coastline, influenced by the Brazilian warm current. Our results further suggest the existence of two genetic population units of loggerheads in Brazil and corroborate natal homing behavior in loggerheads.

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