No abstract

ICM is a promising intervention for managing the chronic nature of substance dependence among women receiving TANF. Future research should refine long-term care strategies-such as ICM-that address the chronic nature of substance dependence among low-income populations.

Objective-The authors compared the prevalence and pattern of substance use in undergraduate student athletes and nonathletes from 2005-2006. Participants-Authors collected data from male (n = 418) and female (n = 475) student athletes and nonathletes from [2005][2006]. Methods-The authors administered self-report questionnaires to assess prevalence, quantity, and frequency of alcohol and drug use, and to determine patterns of student athletes' alcohol and drug use during their athletic season versus out of season.Results-Male student athletes were at high risk for heavy drinking and performance-enhancing drug use. Considerable in-season versus out-of-season substance use fluctuations were identified in male and female student athletes.Conclusions-Additional, and possibly alternative, factors are involved in a student athlete's decision-making process regarding drug and alcohol use, which suggests that the development of prevention programs that are specifically designed to meet the unique needs of the college student athlete may be beneficial. Keywordsalcohol; athletics; college students; other drugs; performance-enhancing drugs; sex The use of alcohol and drugs by students is one of the most serious problems facing colleges today. Student athletes may be particularly at risk for substance use-related problems in the college setting due to their unique social environments, the increased physical demands of athletics, and the heightened stress and time constraints placed upon them by fulfilling the dual role of athlete and student. 1,2 Therefore, the college experience of student athletes may be distinct from nonathletes, 2 which raises the question of whether substance use interventions geared toward the general student body are equally effective for college student athletes. 1 In this study, we assessed the prevalence, quantity, and frequency of alcohol and drug use by male and female undergraduate student athletes and nonathletes. We also evaluated patterns of use, such as student athletes' alcohol and drug use during their athletic season versus out of season. Comprehensively assessing the prevalence and patterns of substance use in male and female student athletes and how it differs from nonathletes of the same sex may inform the development of prevention interventions that focus on the specific needs of student athletes.For comments and further information, address correspondence to Dr Helene R. White, Center of Alcohol Studies, Rutgers, the State University of New Jersey, 607 Allison Road, Piscataway, NJ 08854, USA (hewhite@rutgers.edu). NIH Public Access NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author ManuscriptIn the United States, the rates of heavy drinking, tobacco use, and illicit substance use peak between ages 18 and 25 years. 3 This age range coincides with a period of major transition out of high school and, for many, into college. In the college setting, frequent and heavy drinking is common. Using data collected from 5 national surveys, O'Malley and Johnston 4 estimat...

No abstract

No abstract

This study examines the overall and relative contributions of a variety of family environment measures to a child's alcohol, marijuana and other drug use, delinquent activity, and dysfunctional methods of coping with problems. The family environment variables tapped aspects of parental behaviors and attitudes, parenting styles, and family harmony and cohesion. Data were collected as part of a prospective, longitudinal study that examined the acquisition and maintenance of a variety of behaviors. Data were gleaned at two points in time, spanning 3-year intervals, from subjects ranging in age from early to late adolescence. In general, alcohol use among the younger subjects was more strongly determined by the use and attitudes of the same sex parent. In contrast, among older subjects, father's alcohol use was important to the offspring's use. While models predicting illicit drug use and the extent of problems related to alcohol and marijuana use fared least well, it was generally found that hostility and lack of warmth on the part of the parents contributed most to these outcomes in subjects. Finally, hostility displayed by both parents helped to determine the incidence of delinquency among sons and the use of dysfunctional coping methods among sons and daughters.

No abstract

The Rutgers Health and Human Development Project is organized around a life span developmental perspective. This is oriented toward understanding the antecedents and variables relating to adolescent substance use and abuse. The project is interested in major developments of use patterns, particularly in regard to acquisition, early maintenance, and dependence (if it occurs). These patterns are best understood in a prospective-developmental model and not in a cross-sectional model. To do this the domain of the problem including the adolescent's family, must be studied. The design factors are critical in such a study if causal analyses are to be developed and must be done under naturalistic, real world conditions. The Rutgers study, therefore, assesses the emergence and unfolding of adolescent substance use behaviors in interaction with the individuals physical, psychological and social development during the transition from adolescence to early adulthood. The project assessed three different aged samples (12, 15, 18) prospectively, over a three year span. Problem areas in the methodology of prospective, longitudinal studies are discussed.