Local community networks can mitigate pandemic influenza in the absence of vaccine and antiviral drugs.

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Abstract. Fracture transmissivity and detailed aperture fields are measured in analog fractures specifically designed to evaluate the utility of the Reynolds equation. We employ a light transmission technique with well-defined accuracy (---1% error) to measure aperture fields at high spatial resolution (---0.015 cm). A Hele-Shaw cell is used to confirm our approach by demonstrating agreement between experimental transmissivity, simulated transmissivity on the measured aperture field, and the parallel plate law. In the two roughwalled analog fractures considered, the discrepancy between the experimental and numerical estimates of fracture transmissivity was sufficiently large (---22-47%) to exclude numerical and experimental errors (<2%) as a source. We conclude that the threedimensional character of the flow field is important for fully describing fluid flow in the two rough-walled fractures considered and that the approach of depth averaging inherent in the formulation of the Reynolds equation is inadequate. We also explore the effects of spatial resolution, aperture measurement technique, and alternative definitions for link transmissivities in the finite difference formulation, including some that contain corrections for tortuosity perpendicular to the mean fracture plane and Stokes flow. Various formulations for link transmissivity are shown to converge at high resolution (---1/5 the spatial correlation length) in our smoothly varying fracture. At coarser resolutions the solution becomes increasingly sensitive to definition of link transmissivity and measurement technique. Aperture measurements that integrate over individual grid blocks were less sensitive to measurement scale and definition of link transmissivity than point sampling techniques.

Background: Influenza is a viral infection that primarily spreads via fluid droplets from an infected person's coughs and sneezes to others nearby. Social contact networks and the way people interact within them are thus important to its spread. We developed a method to characterize the social contact network for the potential transmission of influenza and then applied the method to school aged children and teenagers.