Changes in recent years have resulted in an increase in the ways in which renewable energy is used and shared in total electricity generation. Each type of renewable energy is characterised by its uniqueness of the physical specificity and, therefore, differences in technological solutions. In this study, one of the methods of multidimensional comparative analysis (WAP)—Hellwig’s taxonomic measure of development—was used to assess the level of development of electricity production from renewable sources. Twenty-eight countries were surveyed, including 27 countries of the current European Union and the United Kingdom. Panel models were used to describe the relationship between the share of electricity production from RES in total electricity production and GDP per capita, public spending by countries on energy as a percentage of GDP as well as electricity production from water, wind, solar, and biogas per capita. The presented synthetic measures confirmed the more favourable situation of the rich northern EU countries in the production of electricity from renewable sources (solar, wind, hydro, and bio), at the same time highlighting problems with the greening of electricity production in a large group of the new EU member states. The panel study confirmed the importance of differences in economic potential and wealth between EU countries for the development of the use of RES for electricity production.

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The problem of the exclusion of some households, in particular those less affluent, from the use of financial services available on the market, including savings, is an important issue in the literature due to the objectively identified negative social and economic consequences of such exclusion. The research objective of the article is to attempt to identify factors related to savings exclusion which determine the share of gross savings in GDP in the new European Union member states. To achieve the goal, a panel data model was estimated. The set of statistically significant factors that adversely affect the creation of gross savings in the economy, and thus the higher level of savings exclusion, include the unemployment rate, social contributions, household debt, the Gini coefficient, and the share of people aged 25-49 in the total population. All these variables are negatively correlated with the explained variable, which means that an increase in their value causes a fall in gross savings. The results of the research have shown that such a highly aggregated measure as gross savings in the economy can be useful for analysing selected aspects of savings exclusion occurring in the examined new member states of the EU.

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Motivation: Online shopping has gained increased economic importance as a result of restrictions on brick-and-mortar purchases due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Notwithstanding the natural partial return of consumers to direct purchases with the lifting of restrictions by the authorities, interest in online shopping does not return to pre-pandemic levels. Aim: The aim of the article is to verify the influence of various factors on the propensity to use online shopping in the European Union countries in the period 2010–2021. Due to the temporal and geographical scope of data, the panel method was used in the research. Results: The research on the determinants of online shopping, carried out by the authors, showed the statistical significance of all eight dependent variables affecting the share of people who shop online in the societies of the European Union countries. The increase in the use of online shopping is influenced by both the quality of Internet connections, the general frequency of Internet use, readiness to search the Internet for information about goods and services and the use of Internet banking. This regularity also occurs in the case of the share of older people in society, the share of people with at least the second level of education, the share of people employed in science and technology, and the level of GDP per capita.

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Kopernika w Toruniu iluzja pieniądza istota, koszty społeczno-gospodarcze i sposoby ich redukcji w świetle koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju Słowa kluczowe: iluzja pieniądza, zrównoważony rozwój, finanse behawioralne. Klasyfikacja JEL: E40, G02 Abstrakt: Sugerowanie się przy podejmowaniu decyzji gospodarczych wyłącznie lub głównie nominalnymi kategoriami pieniężnymi, czyli tzw. iluzja pieniądza, może generować poważne zaburzenia gospodarcze. W świetle koncepcji zrównoważonego rozwoju jest to zjawisko negatywne, mogące destabilizować zarówno ład gospodarczy, jak i społeczny. Dzieje się to zwłaszcza poprzez zniekształcanie rozkładu dochodów w społeczeństwie oraz pogłębianie nierównowag rynków w sytuacjach kryzysowych. Dlatego pożądane są działania redukujące skalę iluzji pieniądza, a zwłaszcza polityka państwa możliwie sprzyjająca stabilności siły nabywczej pieniądza i równoległa intensyfikacja powszechnej edukacji społeczeństwa odnośnie do mechanizmów iluzji pieniądza, od poziomu szkoły średniej począwszy. Money illusion-the essence, social and economic costs and ways of their reduction in the light of sustainable development concept