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Flame spray pyrolysis (FSP) is a novel technique for the fabrication of nanostructured catalysts with farreaching options to control structure and composition even in cases where complex composites need to be prepared. In this study, we took advantage of this technique to synthesize highly dispersed pure and Pddoped iron oxide nanoparticles and investigated them as Fischer-Tropsch (FT) catalysts. By systematically varying the Pd content over a large range from 0.1 to 10 wt %, we were able to directly analyze the influence of the Pd content on activity and selectivity. In addition to catalytic measurements, the structure and composition of the particles were characterized before and after these measurements, using transmission electron microscopy, adsorption measurements, X-ray diffraction, and EXAFS. The comparison revealed on the one hand that small Pd clusters (diameter: 1-2 nm) evolve from initially homogeneously distributed Pd and on the other hand that the iron oxide transforms into iron carbides depending on the Pd content. The presence of Pd influences the particle size in the pristine samples (8-11 nm) resulting in specific surface areas that increase as the Pd content increases. However, after activation and reaction the specific surface areas become similar due to partial agglomeration and sintering. In a fixed bed FT reaction test, enhanced FT activity was observed with increasing Pd content while the selectivity shifts to longer chain hydrocarbons, mainly paraffins. Mechanistic implications regarding the role of Pd for the performance of the catalysts are discussed.

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A relatively inexpensive, cold-temperature germination bar was constructed. The optimum temperature gradient of the bar for our low-temperature seed germination studies ranged from −4 to 11 C. An independent compressor and a chest-type deep freeze were compared for cooling sources. Alumnium foil Petri dishes were developed for use on the bar.

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