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Complications occur regardless of the management strategy chosen for DIACFs and despite management by experienced surgeons. Complications are a cause of significant morbidity for patients. Outcome scores in this study tend to support ORIF for calcaneal fractures. However, ORIF patients are more likely to develop complications. Certain patient populations (WCB and Sanders type IV) developed a high incidence of complications regardless of the management strategy chosen.

Nonoperative treatment (accepting the deformity with early range of motion and strengthening exercises) was compared with surgical treatment by Bosworth claviculocoracoid screw fixation of complete acromioclavicular dislocations. Nonoperative treatment provided an equal if not superior result, with an earlier return to activities, sports, and work. Neither the ''bump'' nor the scar was a significant cosmetic complaint. Range of motion and strength were equal, despite the treatment. Both groups were significantly weak in shoulder external rotator muscle power.

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A well-molded short arm cast can be used as effectively as a long arm cast to treat fractures of the distal third of the forearm in children four years of age and older, and they interfere less with daily activities.

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Current literature proposes relative and absolute indications for surgical treatment of clavicle fractures in adults. However, few studies have evaluated these fractures in children. The current study examined short- and long-term outcomes of pediatric patients with displaced clavicle fractures. Outcomes assessed included radiographic healing, full active range of motion, and return to activity. The authors' hypothesis was that open reduction and internal fixation of displaced clavicle fractures would lead to better outcomes than nonoperative treatment. The authors retrospectively reviewed the charts of pediatric patients treated for clavicle fractures between January 2001 and October 2011. The nonoperative group included 32 patients, and the operative group included 46 patients. Mean time to return to activity was 12.24 weeks in the nonoperative group and 12.70 weeks in the operative group (P=.67). Mean time to full active range of motion was 7.85 weeks in the nonoperative group and 8.74 weeks in the operative group (P=.24). Mean time to radiographic evidence of healing was 12.02 weeks in the nonoperative group and 11.90 weeks in the operative group (P=.90). Average Disabilities of the Arm, Shoulder and Hand (DASH) score was 0.04 in the nonoperative group (range, 0-0.08) and 1.17 in the operative group (range, 0-8.3), with no significant difference between groups. No significant difference between operative treatment and nonoperative treatment was found in any of the authors' outcome measures. Thus, the authors propose that unless the patient's injury is an absolute indication for surgery, conservative management provides equivalent immediate and long-term clinical results.