This paper describes one solution to the problem of how to select sequence, and link Web resources into a coherent, focused organization for instruction that addresses a user's immediate and focused learning need. A system is described that automatically generates individualized learning paths from a repository of XML Web resources. Each Web resource has an XML Learning Object Metadata (LOM) description consisting of General, Educational, and Classification metadata. Dynamic assembly of these learning objects is based on the relative match of the learning object content and metadata to the learner's needs, preferences, context, and constraints. Learning objects are connected into coherent paths based on their LOM topic classifications and the proximity of these topics in a Resource Description Framework (RDF) graph. An instructional sequencing policy specifies how to arrange the objects on the path into a particular learning sequence. The system has been deployed and evaluated within a corporate setting.
Autism spectrum disorders (ASD), comprising classic autism, Asperger syndrome, Rett syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder and pervasive development disorder-not otherwise specified, represent complex neurodevelopmental conditions characterised by impaired social interactions, difficulties with communication and repetitive, stereotyped behaviours. It is estimated that up to 1% of the general population may be affected by an ASD. Whether due to improved diagnostic techniques or a true rise in incidence, the prevalence of patients with ASD is rising, and these individuals are increasingly encountered in a variety of healthcare settings. Care givers of patients with an ASD report frequently that lack of awareness of the complications of these disorders and the method of appropriately assessing these individuals impair the effective delivery of healthcare to this patient population. It is now clear that patients with an ASD, in addition to the defining characteristics of these disorders, can present to the outpatient, emergency department and inpatient settings with a variety of psychiatric, neurological, gastrointestinal, nutritional/metabolic, dental, ophthalmological, cardiovascular, gynaecological, traumatic and musculoskeletal conditions that can require acute intervention. In addition, the common treatments given to patients with an ASD may result in side effects and complications that may require acute intervention. For physicians who encounter patients with an ASD, the combination of impaired social interactions, difficulties with communication and stereotyped behaviours creates an additional barrier to diagnosis and treatment of these individuals. Careful preparation of the examination environment, direct engagement of care givers and the patient and the use of communication techniques and pharmacological adjuncts can aid physicians in treating the patient with an ASD in the outpatient, emergency department and inpatient settings.
In 2011, IBM's Watson competed on the game show Jeopardy! winning against the two best players of all time, Brad Rutter and Ken Jennings (Ferrucci et al. 2010). Since this demonstration, IBM has expanded its research program in artificial intelligence (AI), including the areas of natural language processing and machine learning (Kelly and Hamm 2013). Ultimately, IBM sees the opportunity to develop cognitive computing -a unified and universal platform for computational intelligence (Modha et al. 2011). But how might cognitive computing work in real environmentsand in concert with people?In 2013, our group within IBM Research started to explore how to embed cognitive computing in physical environments. We built a Cognitive Environments Laboratory (CEL) (see figure 1) as a living lab to explore how people and cognitive computing come together.Our effort focuses not only on the physical and computational substrate, but also on the users' experience. We envision a fluid and natural interaction that extends through time across multiple environments (office, meeting room, living room, car, mobile). In this view, cognitive computing systems are always on and available to engage with people in the environment. The system appears to follow individual users, or groups of users, as they change environments, seamlessly connecting the users to available input and output devices and extending their reach beyond their own cognitive and sensory abilities.We call this symbiotic cognitive computing: computation that takes place when people and intelligent agents come together in a physical space to interact with one another. The intelligent agents use a computational substrate of "cogs" for visual object recognition, natural language parsing, probabilistic decision support, and other functions. the book The Society of Mind where Marvin Minsky likened agents to "cogs of great machines" (Minsky 1988). These cogs are available to intelligent agents through programmatic interfaces and to human participants through user interfaces.Our long-term goal is to produce a physical and computational environment that measurably improves the performance of groups on key tasks requiring large amounts of data and significant mental effort, such as information discovery, situational assessment, product design, and strategic decision making. To date, we have focused specifically on building a cognitive environment, a physical space embedded with cognitive computing systems, to support business meetings for strategic decision making. Other applications include corporate meetings exploring potential mergers and acquisitions, executive meetings on whether to purchase oil fields, and utility company meetings to address electrical grid outages. These meetings often bring together a group of participants with varied roles, skills, expertise, and points of view. They involve making decisions with a large number of high-impact choices that need to be evaluated on multiple dimensions taking into account large amounts of structured and unstructured data.While...
Today, commodity technologies like mobile phones-once symbols of status and wealth-have become deeply woven into social and economic participation in Western society. Despite the pervasiveness of these technologies, there remain groups who may not have extensive access to them but who are nonetheless deeply affected by their presence in everyday life. In light of this, we designed, built, and deployed a ubiquitous computing system for one such overlooked group: the staff and residents at a shelter for homeless mothers. Our system connects mobile phones, a shared display, and a Web application to help staff and residents stay connected. We report on the adoption and use of this system over the course of a 30 week deployment, discussing the substantial impact our system had on shelter life and the broader implications for such socio-technical systems that sit at the juncture of social action and organizational coordination.
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