The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of high-intensity interval running and small-sided game training programs on the physical capacity and the level of soccer-specific technical skills in young soccer players. Twenty male soccer players (U-16) were divided into two groups (running group – RG, small-sided game group – SSGG) and completed two different 8-week training programs. The intervention consisted of two training sessions a week (RG – 5×4 min running, with an active recovery period of 3 min; SSGG–3vs.3 games or 3vs.3 with a neutral player for 5×4 min, with an active recovery period of 3 min). A significant group × time interaction was found in the VO2max (p = 0.025). Moreover, the significant pre to post changes of VO2max were observed in the SSGG (p = 0.032). The differences between the results of shuttle runs and sprint tests were not significant with the exception of 5 m sprint in RG (p = 0.04). An improvement in the peak power and total work capacity was observed in the RG and SSGG. A significant improvement (p = 0.014) in soccer-specific technical skills level was noted only in the SSGG. The results of this study suggest that the small-sided games, compared with interval running, are more highly recommended training drills for the coincident development of physical capacity and technical skills in young soccer players.
Contact of humans with the earth, either directly (e.g., with bare feet) or using a metal conductor, changes their biochemical parameters. The effects of earthing during physical exercise are unknown. This study was carried out to evaluate selected biochemical parameters in subjects who were earthed during cycling. In a double-blind, crossover study, 42 participants were divided into two groups and earthed during exercise and recovery. One group was earthed in the first week during 30 minutes of cycling exercise and during recovery, and a second group was earthed in the second week. A double-blind technique was applied. Blood samples were obtained before each training session, after 15 and 30 minutes of exercise, and after 40 minutes of recovery. Significantly lower blood urea levels were observed in subjects earthed during exercise and relaxation. These significant differences were noted in both groups earthed at the beginning of exercise (P < 0.0001), after 15 (P < 0.0001) and 30 minutes (P < 0.0001) of exercise, and after 40 minutes of relaxation (P < 0.0001). Creatinine concentrations in earthed subjects during exercise were unchanged. Conclusions. Earthing during exercise lowers blood urea concentrations and may inhibit hepatic protein catabolism or increase renal urea excretion. Exertion under earthing may result in a positive protein balance.
The main purpose of this study was to determine the effect of different interval training regimes on the physical capacity and soccer-specific skills of young soccer players. Twenty-two subjects were divided into two groups: small-sided games group (SSGG; age: 15.8 ± 0.63 y, body mass: 61.6 ± 8.97 kg, height: 175.0 ± 6.23 cm) or interval-running group (IRG; age: 15.8 ± 0.55 y, body mass: 62.7 ± 8.69 kg, height: 177.6 ± 6.48 cm). The groups completed two different 8-week training programs. The intervention consisted of two training sessions per week (IRG – 7 × 3 min running where each bout consisted of 15 s of high-intensity running and 15 s of jogging with an active recovery period of 3 min; SSGG – 3 vs. 3 games for 7 × 3 min, with an active recovery period of 3 min). Significant changes over time were found in V̇O2max (p = 0.009, η2 = 0.29) and peak power (p = 0.014, η2 = 0.26). Post-hoc analysis revealed a significant increase in the maximal oxygen uptake only in the SSG group (p = 0.019). No significant improvement in running speed was found. The mean HR at AT increased significantly in both groups. A relevant correlation (group × time) was found for oxygen uptake at the AT intensity (p = 0.015, η2 = 0.26). A significant time effect was also present with respect to this variable (p = 0.000, η2 = 0.61). Post-hoc analysis of the V̇O2/AT index revealed no relevant (p = 0.19) improvements in the IRG (from 44.1 ± 5.72 to 46.0 ± 5.03 ml·kg−1·min−1), but there was a significant (p = 0.000) increase in the SSG (from 40.9 ± 3.51 to 46.0 ± 3.88 ml·kg−1·min−1). The improvement in soccer-specific skills was not significant (3.2 % in IRG and 5.3 % in SSGG). The results of this study show that small-sided games and running can both be efficient training strategies for developing aerobic capacity and soccer-specific skills.
The aim of the study was to assess the anaerobic threshold (lactate threshold LT) changes during winter and summer preparation period in soccer premier league and first division players. It was assumed that the index value varies depending on the stage of a one-year training cycle. Tests were conducted on the premier league and first division soccer players. Physical capacity tests were carried out at the beginning and at the end of the winter and summer preparation period. The tests covered 3 years: 2008-2010. Subjects performed an incremental running test according to Jastrzębski's method. The most important data obtain ed from this test are: running speed (V/LT) and heart rate (HR/LT) at LT.
In the event of blood culture contamination (BCC), blood culture (BC) needs to be repeated. This may delay appropriate treatment, prolong hospitalization and, consequently, increase its costs. The aim of the study was to assess the frequency of BCC and associated factors in a general hospital in Poland based on reports of BC in samples submitted for laboratory testing in 2019–2020. BCC is recognized when bacteria (especially those belonging to natural human microbiota) are isolated from a single sample and no clinical signs indicated infection. True positive BC is confirmed by the growth of bacteria in more than one set of blood samples with the corresponding clinical signs present. The structure of BC sets, microorganisms, and laboratory costs of BCC were analyzed. Out of 2274 total BC cases, 11.5% were true positive BC and 9.5% were BCC. Of all the BCC identified in the entire hospital, 72% was from Internal Medicine (IM) and Intensive Care Unit (ICU) combined. When single sets for BC were used in IM in 2020, the use increased to 85% compared with 2019 (p < 0.05). The predominant isolates were coagulase-negative staphylococci (84%). The estimated extra laboratory costs of BCC exceeded EUR 268,000. The BCC was a more serious problem than expected, including non-recommended using of single BC sets. Compliance with the BC collection procedure should be increased in order to reduce BCC and thus extra hospital costs.
StreszczenieWprowadzenie: Niezależnie od zamieszkałych przez człowieka części świata, istnieje około 10-15% społeczeń-stwa, które nie posiada pełnej sprawności w zakresie zmysłów, rozwoju fi zycznego czy intelektualnego. Cel pracy: Celem podjętych badań była ocena sprawności fi zycznej osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną na przykładzie niepełnosprawnych podopiecznych Domu Pomocy Społecznej (DPS) w Gdańsku oraz zbadanie wpływu autorskiego programu usprawniania "Ja i moja Sprawność" na poprawę ich sprawności fi zycznej. Materiał i metody: Badaniami objęto 23 uczestników, których podzielono według stopnia niepełnosprawności oraz wieku. Dokonano wstępnego pomiaru sprawności fi zycznej wykorzystując test Eurofi t Specjalny. Po dokonaniu diagnozy sprawności fi zycznej wprowadzono do rozkładu dnia autorski program usprawniania. Program realizowano przez sześć miesięcy, po czym dokonano powtórnego pomiaru, posługując się tym samym narzędziem badawczym. Wyniki: Stwierdzono, że realizowany program usprawniania ruchowego korzystnie wpłynął na poprawę wyników wybranych prób sprawności fi zycznej badanych osób w stopniu lekkim. Wyniki badań nie wykazały natomiast istotnych zmian, szczególnie w grupie osób z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu umiarkowanym. Wnioski: 1. Autorski program usprawniania "Ja i moja sprawność" wykazuje statystyczne symptomy mające korzystny związek z utrzymaniem sprawności fi zycznej zmierzonej testem Eurofi t Specjalny wśród uczestników z niepełnosprawnością intelektualną w stopniu lekkim w grupie 30-45-latków. 2. Badania wykazały, że są pewne trendy, krzywe obrazujące kierunek zmian, czyli, być może, po dłuższym okresie usprawniania tych osób autorskim programem będą one istotne statystycznie.Słowa kluczowe: sprawność fi zyczna, niepełnosprawność intelektualna, Eurofi t Specjalny, program usprawniania Abstract Introduction: Regardless of which part of the world people live in, approx. 10-15% of society is disabled in terms of senses, physical or intellectual development. Objective: The objective of the undertaken studies was to assess physical fi tness of intellectually disabled people on the example of disabled people under the custody of the Nursing Home (NH) in Gdańsk as well as to examine the impact of the authors' improvement program entitled "Me and my fi tness" on improvement of physical fi tness. Materials and methods: The studies involved 23 participants who were divided according to the degree of disability and age. Initial measurement of physical fi tness was performed using the Eurofi t Special test. After diagnosing physical fi tness, the authors' improvement program was introduced into the patients' daily schedule. The program was implemented for six months, after which another measurement was performed using the same research tool. Results: It was stated that the implemented motor improvement program benefi cially impacted results in selected tests regarding physical fi tness of the participants with mild intellectual disability. The results did not indicate signifi can...
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