Deindividuation has been shown to relate to increases in antisocial behavior. Typical manipulations, however, have confounded deindividuation with the presence of negatively valcnced cues, such cues being inherent in the costumes or situations used to produce deindividuation. The present study manipulated deindividuation and valence of costume cues in a 2 X 2 factorial design. Zimbardo's theory of deindividuation suggests that deindividuation should disinhibit antisocial behavior, independent of cue valence, and should reduce any influence due to cues. Gergen, however, suggests that cues may have increasing influence, given deindividuation, and that deindividuation may increase prosocial behavior, given positive cues, and increase antisocial behavior, given negative cues. Results supported Gergen's position. Given options to increase or decrease shock level received by a stranger, no main effect was found for deindividuation. There was a main effect for costume cues, and an interaction of cues with deindividuation, with deindividuation facilitating a significant increase in prosocial responses in the presence of positive cues and a nonsignificant increase in antisocial responses in the presence of negative cues. Also cues interacted with trial blocks, prosocial behavior increasing with positive cues and antisocial behavior increasing with negative cues over trial blocks.The construct deindividuation was first systematically investigated by Festinger, Pepitone, and Newcom'b (19S2). In their view, one consequence of an individual's involvement and identification with a group is a reduction of individual responsibility for individual behavior. They believed that deindividuation was a phenomenon on which groups would differ and that degree of deindividuation in a group could be indexed by the rate of failure of individuals to identify correctly the group members who had contributed different behaviors. It was expected that previously inhibited behaviors (i.e., saying negative things about one's parents) would be disinhibited as a result of deindividuation. As predicted, groups scoring highest on deindividuation did say more negative things about their parents. This was, however, a correlational study in which the direction of causality between deindividuation and disinhibition is unclear. Later studies (Singer, Brush, & Lublin, 196S; Zimbardo, 1970) using lab coats and hoods to obscure the identifiability of individuals, have shown that such a manipulation increases disinhibition of socially undesirable behaviors (i.e., speaking obscene words and administering electrical shock to another person). Theoretical IssuesExactly which behaviors will be disinhibited in a given situation is not yet clear. Nor is it clear how situational cues affect the type or amount of disinhibition that occurs. Two major positions on these issues have been advanced.
Pemetrexed was well tolerated at doses of 500 mg/m2 with vitamin supplementation in patients with GFR > or = 40 mL/min. Additional studies are needed to define appropriate dosing for renally impaired patients receiving higher dose pemetrexed with vitamin supplementation.
Lemna species are widely used in ecotoxicological research to assess the phytotoxicity of environmental compounds. The purpose of the work described in this paper was to further refine the Lemna spp. bioassay, making it more robust and useful in comparing results between laboratories. A nondestructive image analysis method was used to measure growth as affected by herbicides during a time course. We tested 26 herbicides, with as many as 19 different modes of action, on leaf area growth of Lemna paucicostata to establish complete dose-response relationships. By using 3,5-dichlorophenol as a reference compound, different EC50 (concentration that inhibited growth by 50%) values of the herbicides can be compared. The EC50 values ranged from 0.003 microM for sulcotrione to 407 microM for asulam. Complete dose-response parameters were obtained that will better allow comparison of these results to those of other laboratories. These results should give useful information to anyone who works with Lemna species to address questions on herbicide residues in environmental compartments, screening of new herbicidal compounds, or the assessment of phytotoxic side effects of any compound.
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