S-(1-Oxido-2-pyridinyl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethylthiouronium hexafluorophosphate (HOTT) facilitates the first examples of efficient radical cyclisation with (hetero)aromatic substitution via Barton ester intermediates. Cyclopropyl and alkyl radicals allow access to five, six and seven-membered alicyclic-ring fused heterocycles with and without an additional fused cyclopropane, including the skeleton of the anti-cancer agent, cyclopropamitosene, expanded, and diazole analogues. Radical initiators are not required for cyclisation from carboxylic acid precursors.
A one-pot initiator-free Barton ester decomposition with tandem radical addition onto alkyl propiolates or phenylacetylene with aromatic substitution of the resultant vinyl radical allows convenient access to new 9-substituted 6,7dihydropyrido[1,2-a]indoles. Propyl radical cyclizations compete when forming the expanded 7,8-dihydro-6H-azepino[1,2a]indole system. 2-Thiopyridinyl S-radical is incorporated into aromatic adducts when using unsubstituted indole-1-alkanoic acid precursors. X-ray crystallography on substitution products allows selectivity of the radical addition onto less reactive internal alkynes to be determined.
This practical is aimed at students
who have been introduced to
the tableting process, drug delivery systems, and dissolution. The
student can design and manufacture a tablet investigating the effect
of excipients and their role in tablet design and then generate a
release profile of the tablet by using a dissolution apparatus, flow-through
cell, and UV–vis kinetics. Economical alternatives to the otherwise
expensive dies, presses, and dissolution apparatus required to conduct
the practical are included so that this can be applied across a range
of budgets. With the assumption that most undergraduate laboratories
possess a 13 mm KBr die and hydraulic press, a 10 mm die and 6 mm
die can cost in excess of €850, while homemade versions can
be manufactured for less than €5.
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