Background: Nematode sinusoidal movement has been used as a phenotype in many studies of C. elegans development, behavior and physiology. A thorough understanding of the ways in which genes control these aspects of biology depends, in part, on the accuracy of phenotypic analysis. While worms that move poorly are relatively easy to describe, description of hyperactive movement and movement modulation presents more of a challenge. An enhanced capability to analyze all the complexities of nematode movement will thus help our understanding of how genes control behavior.
The paper describes the design, operation, and performance of integrated CMOS imagers that withstand multi-megarad(Si) total dose of ionizing radiation. It reports test results from two imagers -one with on-chip integrated timing and control, and the other with a variety of pixel structures for parametrically investigating the effects of radiation on imager performance. The CMOS imager has been shown to respond only to ionizing radiation, and is able to withstand high proton fluence. Minimal change in imager performance is observed after being subjected to a proton fluence of l.2x10'2 protons/cm2. The imager also exhibits minimal change in optical response after being dosed with 1 .5 Megarad(Si). The radiation-induced dark current is small ('-few pAIcm2/krad), and is well-behaved over the entire dose range. No change in operating bias is needed either for operating the imager at low-temperature or after irradiation. The parametric test chip indicates that the LOCOS region plays a significant role in determining the total-dose-hardness of the pixel. Based on test results, most promising pixel structures for imaging under high radiation environments have been identified.
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