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We review the literature for current research on psychotherapy supervisory process that addresses two major areas: (a) the effects of supervision on therapist attitudes toward patients and (b) an examination of various methods of training and acquiring specific intervention strategies. Emphasis is placed on the importance of relationship skills for psychotherapy outcome, and the methodological problems that are encountered in the study of the process of building these skills in the supervisory setting are noted. An important area for further research is the acquisition of intervention skills that lie outside of the area of relationship enhancement. The continued growth in number of treatment manuals is mentioned as a positive current development in the training of experienced therapists and as a promising research tool for future psychotherapy outcome studies. We conclude by upholding the usefulness of continued research efforts and noting the potential rewards to be derived by future creative researchers, in both psychotherapy outcome and the supervisory process.
1985. A rapid assay for aluminium phytotoxicity at submicromolar concentrations. -Physiol. Plant. 65: 245-250.Investigations of Al phytotoxicity, including the identification of the Al species responsible for toxicity, require a rapid assay procedure employing very low concentrations of Al and a chemically simple rooting medium. Root elongation in newly germinated red clover {Trifolium pratense L. cv. Kenland) was inhibited by submicromolar concentrations of Al. Ca'* at concentrations of at least 0.2 mAf was essential for optimal elongation in control seedlings. Ca^* also relieved AI toxicity with the net effect that maximam reduetion of elongation by 1 (tM Al was achieved at 0.2 mM Ca'*. Elongation in control seedlings was at least 90% of maximum from pH 4.5 to 5.7. Increases in pH relieved Al toxicity so that maximum sensitivity to 1 fiM Ai occurred at pH 4.7. As a consequence of these experiments and other considerations we chose for our basic assay a medium composed of 0.2 mM CaSO., adjusted to pH 4.5 with HiSO,, variously supplemented with AI,(SO4)3. Day-old seedlings were incubated in this aerated medium in the dark at 23°C for one day. No additions of other solutes increased the sensitivity of the assay, but amelioration of Al toxicity was effected by Mg^*, P, phosphate and citrate. Increases in ionic strength per se had comparatively little effect on the toxic effects of Al. Two barley cultivars {Hordeum vutgare L. cv. Dayton and Kearney) and two wheat cultivafs {Triticum aestivum L. cv. Hart and Thome) known to differ in sensitivity to Al were reliably separated at submicromolar Al concentrations by the assay procedure, which was slightly modified. Suggestions for the improvement of the assay and for applications to future research are offered.Additional key words -Aluminium toxicity, Hordeum vulgare, red clover, roots, Trifolium pratense, Triticum aestivum.T. B. Kinraide (reprint requests), R.
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