O artigo propõe problematizar a “ocidentalização” dos direitos humanos na atualidade a partir da análise dos mecanismos discursivos e jurídicos mobilizados pelo Ocidente para construir regimes de verdade em âmbito internacional, dos quais se destacam o direcionamento da comunicação midiática e a manipulação de instrumentos normativos internacionais. Nesse contexto, elencamos como objetivo geral demonstrar a existência de uma construção de sentido ocidental e hegemônica na práxis jurídica da comunidade internacional, pela qual valores distintos são imputados às lesões aos direitos humanos e à inobservância às normas globais de proteção a depender dos atores envolvidos nesses acontecimentos. Como objetivos específicos, pretendemos (i) compreender como a divulgação midiática de atentados terroristas opera para consolidar práticas discursivas orientalistas; (ii) aferir como o instituto da legítima defesa tem sido usado para proteger interesses ocidentais; (iii) avaliar os critérios de valoração da morte na guerra e em atentados terroristas; e (iv) discutir o lugar da guerra na definição orçamentária das potências ocidentais, especificamente os Estados Unidos. Em termos metodológicos, a pesquisa é empírica e qualitativa, fundamentada na pesquisa bibliográfica e documental, e aplica o método indutivo, sendo que, quanto à sua estrutura, o artigo se divide em cinco seções. Quanto aos resultados, esperamos contribuir para as discussões sobre a superação de desigualdades na esfera jurídica, refletindo sobre o lugar da ocidentalização nas relações de poder no cenário internacional e, em sentido amplo, na construção de uma produtividade ocidentalizada das dimensões jurídicas e sociais.
Tackling an investigative agenda whose object is the judicial posture regarding gender-based inequalities, this dissertation reports itself to the following question: on what grounds has the Brazilian Supreme Federal Court recognized LGBTI+ rights? In this sense, the project's main objective is to understand what arguments have provoked favorable decisions to gender and sexual minorities in lawsuits before the Brazilian constitutional jurisdiction. As specific objectives, we intend to: (i) systematically revise the literature from the last twenty years; (ii) collect and organize the Supreme Court's decisions recognizing LGBTI+ rights; and (iii) analyze the content of the selected opinions by categorizing their reasoning. Theoretically, the research organizes Michel Foucault's concept of power and Judith Butler's propositions on framing to comprehend how law and reality mutually constrain one another, as well as to interpret the lawsuits as arenas of semantic disputes that may dismantle or enhance precarity scenarios. In methodological terms, the investigation is empirical and its main data collection tools are the literature review and the documental research. In this context, we adapt Okoli's (2015) procedural model to conduct a systematic literature review over the 2000-2020 period. This review reinforced evidences we detected during protocol writing: the publications' low methodological transparency hinders the application of more rigorous organization criteria, and the Brazilian studies on the issue are refractory to other pertinent works, either local or foreign. When it comes to content, we divide the publications' arguments into two categories. The first one highlights a critique to the prevalence of liberty, privacy and categorization in the Courts' reasoning, as they have recognized rights based on rigid existential concepts and on the constriction of gender dissidences to tutored or hidden social spaces. On the second category, the texts denounce the use of dominant moral precepts, such as respectability, and of cisheteronormative structures, like marriage, as requirements to the formal declaration of rights. Afterwards, we conduct a content analysis of the selected opinions, connecting tools from Bardin's (2004) category analysis to certain premises from Discourse Analysis and Critical Discourse Analysis. In a first substep, we divided the opinions into register units and codified them through individual forms and nine categories based on the literature review. Then, we compiled and analyzed the data through the software Statistica 8.0 by applying the Friedman Test, which allowed us to correlate information groups and verify the relevance degree of each code inside the sample. From the analysis, it is possible to extract a prevalence of the categories "prohibition of prejudice", "liberty", "dignity" and "equality" in the Justices' opinions, as they constantly used these codes to question discriminatory gender frames. This indicates a certain discrepancy between the literature review and case results b...
Gender roles in J. R. R. Tolkien’s opus have been the object of intense debate through the last years, especially when it comes to the supposedly secondary space feminine figures hold in the Legendarium. In light of those discussions, this article aims to reassess the portrayal of Arwen Undómiel and Éowyn of Rohan during the War of the Ring, discussing whether their actions convey possibilities of theorizing feminine agency at war by refusing traditional gender roles. As specific objectives, I intend to: a) collect Tolkien’s perspectives on these two women throughout the Legendarium; and b) identify real-life feminine personalities who participated in war and civil rights conflicts during the twentieth century. In terms of methodology, I rely upon an exploratory literature review on the subject and apply documental analysis to revisit the Legendarium. The results suggest that, even though feminine figures (especially Arwen) might be said to occupy supporting and somewhat idealized roles in Tolkien’s works, their acts of refusal effectively contest gender paradigms, problematize traditional meanings of a woman’s place in the context of war and provide useful insights for the destabilization of the sexual dispositive in literature, in law and in society as a whole.
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