In June 2017, mass mortalities were reported at shrimp (Penaeus vannamei) farms in Texas, USA. PCR testing for OIE-listed and non-listed pathogens detected the pirA and pirB toxin genes associated with acute hepatopancreatic necrosis disease (AHPND). DNA sequence analyses of cloned pirA and pirB genes showed them to be identical to those detected in other AHPND-causing Vibrio sp. Amplicons generated using PCR tests targeted to the toxR gene showed the Pir toxin genes to be associated with a Vibrio parahaemolyticus type more similar to a genotype found in Mexico compared to that found in Asia. Histology detected masses of bacteria and hemocytic infiltrations as well as extensive necrosis and sloughing off of epithelial cells in hepatopancreatic tubules pathognomonic of AHPND. The data support AHPND as the cause of the mortalities.
White spot syndrome virus (WSSV) is a virulent disease that disrupts shrimp farm operations throughout the world. While the United States has had only limited outbreaks of WSSV within the past several decades, it is important to ensure that this disease does not infect wild penaeid shrimp populations. In Texas, there is a potential for WSSV to spread to wild penaeid populations in the Gulf of Mexico via infected imported nonnative bait shrimp, imported broodstock, or wild crustacean hosts. Due to these potential threats, the Texas Parks and Wildlife Coastal Fisheries Division monitored WSSV in wild brown shrimp Farfantepenaeus aztecus and white shrimp Litopenaeus setiferus from seven major bay systems along the Texas coast during 2019. While no positive samples were detected from the collected shrimp, a power analysis illustrated a potential for low‐level WSSV prevalence within Texas shrimp populations that would not be detectable by this monitoring survey. Overall, WSSV does not appear to be a major threat in the Texas region of the Gulf of Mexico, but continual observation and monitoring of wild penaeid shrimp is necessary to protect this resource from future WSSV outbreaks.
This datasheet on Inland saline area shrimp and finfish farms covers Identity, Overview, Impacts, Growout Systems, Further Information.
Mexico got started in inland brackish water shrimp culture in 1996 and reported 135 ha dedicated to inland culture by 2001. Jory et al. (2003) listed 28 inland farms in Mexico. Treece (2002) described six shrimp and finfish farms in West Texas, USA that utilized salt water trapped below the ground. The aquifer that the shrimp farms use in the Imperial area (Texas) is the Cenozoic Alluvium, water remaining from the Permian Sea. All farms draw from the same source. Salinity varies from 10 ppt to 15 ppt. There are no fresh water zones in that area, and no discharge water leaves any of the farms. This water is not used in any other form of agriculture on a large scale. All soils are basically red clay in the Pecos River Basin. The farms are utilizing 'organic culture' as much as possible and they all try to stay as natural as possible with the culture techniques, to better utilize niche markets. The original research and development project in West Texas started in 1972 when two gravel pit operators decided to stock the brackish water pits with red drum and marine shrimp. Inland shrimp farms were built in Texas in the 1980s, but none were sustainable until recently. Interest was renewed after a research project was conducted in Imperial, Texas by Texas A&M University, the Texas General Land Office and the Pecos County Water District #3 in 1992. Commercial operations began to build ponds in the Pecos and Ward county area in the Pecos River Delta. An example of a 26 hectare inland saline shrimp culture facility can be seen in Pictures (Permian Sea Shrimp Company in Imperial, Texas). Multiple ponds utilize a common drain and harvest area. The white spots on each pond are the result of paddlewheel aerators.
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