Endothelial function is thought to be an important factor in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis, hypertension and heart failure. In the 1990s, high-frequency ultrasonographic imaging of the brachial artery to assess endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (FMD) was developed. The technique provokes the release of nitric oxide, resulting in vasodilation that can be quantitated as an index of vasomotor function. The noninvasive nature of the technique allows repeated measurements over time to study the effectiveness of various interventions that may affect vascular health. However, despite its widespread use, there are technical and interpretive limitations of this technique. State-of-the-art information is presented and insights are provided into the strengths and limitations of high-resolution ultrasonography of the brachial artery to evaluate vasomotor function, with guidelines for its research application in the study of endothelial physiology.

No abstract

Abstract-Atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease results in Ͼ19 million deaths annually, and coronary heart disease accounts for the majority of this toll. Despite major advances in treatment of coronary heart disease patients, a large number of victims of the disease who are apparently healthy die suddenly without prior symptoms. Available screening and diagnostic methods are insufficient to identify the victims before the event occurs. The recognition of the role of the vulnerable plaque has opened new avenues of

No abstract

No abstract

No abstract

I N A SERIES OF PIVOTAL CLINICAL trials, statin drugs have been shown to reduce both atherogenic lipoproteins and cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. 1-5 However, the optimal approach to lipid reduction with statins in patients with established coronary artery disease (CAD) remains uncertain. Although the efficacy of the various statins in reducing atherogenic lipoproteins and vascular inflammation varies significantly, 6 the impact of these differences on clinical outcome is unknown. Because the large trials assessing morbidity and mortality were placebo controlled, they provide limited insight into differences between alternative strategies and target levels for lipid reduction. Accordingly, there is little scientific basis for Author Affiliations, Financial Disclosures, and a List of the REVERSAL Investigators are listed at the end of this article.

No abstract