Applications of a lateral tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath include diagnostic procedures, lavage and synovial resection for septic tenosynovitis, desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the tendon of the superficial digital flexor muscle for flexural deformity or tendinitis, and removal of osteochondromas from the distal radial metaphysis.
Desmotomy of the accessory ligament of the superficial digital flexor tendon by using a tenoscopic approach to the carpal sheath is an alternative technique to the medial incisional approach.
Three three-year-old Rocky Mountain mule deer were studied for a year to determine the role of skeletal mineral in antler growth. Costal biopsy material, which was obtained at four-week intervals, was analyzed histologically and histometrically. There was a cyclic mobilization of costal cortical bone during antler growth despite the dietary access to high quantities of elements essential for bone development. Following antler growth the ribs returned to a stable configuration with few resorption spaces. Corresponding to the period of possible weakening from the internal remodeling, there also appeared to be a thickening of the cortical bone by circumferential lamellar addition. A cyclic physiological osteoporosis was produced.The annual shedding, regeneration and maturation of the cervine antler constitutes a cyclic phenomenon with which few other periodic processes compare. This rhythmic formation, growth and maintenance imposes demands for a greatly increased supply of minerals.The relationship of antler growth to skeletal dynamics has evoked considerable research and speculation and it has been suggested that many factors influence the antler cycle. Dietary calcium plays a significant role in the size of the antlers. Taft, Hall and Aub ('56) found that a two-yearold white-tailed deer, fed a 2 gm supplement of calcium phosphate a day, grew a larger rack than older animals. Dietary calcium may be a limiting factor in the determination of the size of the antlers (French, McEwen, Magruder, Ingram and Swift, '55; Magruder, French, McEwen and Swift, '57).The influence of the endocrine glands upon antler growth is complicated by the reciprocal effect of this growth upon the soma. Radiocalcium deposited in the skeleton during the winter and early spring was mobilized from the body for deposition in the antlers (Taft, Hall and Aub, '56 The high metabolic requirements for inorganic salts during antler growth seem obvious. Although Meister's observations on a limited number of animals over an incomplete range of the cycle indicated that osteoporosis appeared to have been an inevitabIe result of excessive bone salt mobilization during antler growth, this conclusion remained open to challenge. Young animals of unknown age were considered to have shown evidence of osteopork Moreover, the nature of the investigation did not allow for any evaluation of the effects of dietary minerals.It was the purpose of this study, therefore, to determine the full-cycle, antler-bone relationship through the utilization of mature animals on a diet known to support antler growth.
MATERIALS AND METHODSThe original test group consisted of three three-year-old Rocky Mountain mule deer. Animals 42 and 45 were used throughout the entire study, but animal 47
Summary
The anatomical and functional communications of the synovial sacs of the equine stifle joint were evaluated in 50 stifle joints of 25 horses. Femoropatellar joint (FPJ) sacs were injected with 50 ml of gelatin‐based dye and horses were then walked for 50 m. Horses were subsequently killed, the stifle joints dissected and the location of the dye recorded. Twenty‐three horses (46 joints) had clinically normal stifle joints and in this group, anatomical communications of the stifle joints were bilaterally symmetrical in each horse. In 15 of these 23 horses (65 per cent), direct anatomical communication between the FPJ sac and the medial sac of the femorotibial joint (FTJ) was demonstrated. The FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral sacs of the FTJ in four of these 23 horses (17.5 per cent). There were no anatomical communications between the FPJ sac and either sac of the FTJ in the remaining four horses (17.5 per cent). Functional communication, which was established by finding dye in the FTJ sacs where anatomical communication with the FPJ sac existed, was demonstrated in 14 of 19 horses (74 per cent). Two horses were affected with degenerative joint disease of one stifle joint. In both of these joints the FPJ sac communicated with both the medial and lateral FTJ sacs. This distribution was different from that of the contralateral joint. When performing intra‐articular anaesthesia of equine stifle joints, each synovial sac needs to be injected separately to ensure that anaesthesia of the appropriate synovial sac is obtained.
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