Objectives: To establish the prevalence of the risk of undernutrition, using criteria similar to those used by the Malnutrition Advisory Group (MAG), in people aged 65 y and over, and to identify relationships between risk of undernutrition and health and demographic characteristics. Design: A cross-sectional nationally representative sample of free-living and institutionalized older people in the UK (65 y of age and over). Secondary analysis of the National Diet and Nutrition Survey based on 1368 people aged 65 y and over. Results: About 14% (21% in those living in institutions) were at medium or high risk of undernutrition based on a composite measure of low body mass index and recent reported weight loss. Having a long-standing illness was associated with a statistically significantly increased risk of undernutrition (odds ratio: men 2.34, 95% CI 1.20 -4.58; women 2.98; 1.58 -5.62). The risk of undernutrition increased: in women reporting bad or very bad health status; in men living in northern England and Scotland; for those aged 85 y and older; for those hospitalized in the last year, and those living in an institution. Lower consumption of energy, meat products or fruit and vegetables and lower blood measures of zinc, vitamins A, D, E and C were associated with statistically significantly increased risk of undernutrition. Conclusions: A substantial proportion of the older population of the UK is at risk of undernutrition. High-risk subjects are more likely to have poorer health status. It is unlikely that the individuals at high risk are being detected currently, and therefore effective care is not being provided, either in the community or in institutions. Sponsorship: This analysis was partly funded by a grant from the Department of Health. We are grateful for helpful comments from Professor MJ Wiseman and the anonymous reviewers.

Objectives: This study explores the factors that influence eating patterns in a nationally representative sample of the English population. Design: Subjects were interviewed in 1993; questions covered basic demographic details, attitudes about nutrition, and they completed a short food frequency questionnaire that had previously been validated. Cluster analysis was used to summarize dietary intake into more or less healthy clusters. Settiq: A random sample ofthe English population. Subjects: A cross-sectional survey of 5553 men and women (response rate 70%) aged between 16 and 74 years. Results: As defined from the cluster analysis about half the sample were currently reporting a more healthy diet; respondents in the better educated middle-aged demographic cluster were more likely to report eating a more healthy diet than respondents in the younger lower-income family cluster. About three-quarters of all respondents believed that they either already ate a healthy diet or had changed to a healthy diet in the last 3 years. For those respondents who said they were eating a healthy diet about half of them were eating a more healthy diet. Respondents who had not changed their diet were more likely than those who had to believe that healthy foods were just another fashion (men 34% v. 13%; women 30% v. 12%). or expensive (men 50% v. 35%; women 53% v. 40%); they were less likely to care about what they ate (men 45% v. 13%; women 27% v. 7%). Nearly three-quarters of all respondents agreed that experts never agree about what foods are good for you. Younger, low-income families, and those who smoked, were the group least likely to be eating a more healthy diet. Conclzlsio~zs:The results of this study suggest that about half of the population has reported a change to a healthier diet over the last 3 years and that overall about half of the population report eating a healthy diet. Those who had not made any change and were currently reporting a less healthy diet were more likely to smoke and come from Keywords the 'worse off' group in the survey; they were also more likely to hold negative attitudes about healthy eating. A more focused and integrated approach to promoting differences that have been seen. There is evidence that all people have a notion about the need to eat less fat as part of a healthy diet, but that this knowledge does not lead directly to behaviour'. Those who change their diets and seek advice about healthy eating are already more likely to be eating a healthier diet9.There is relatively little information on the link between attitudes and behaviour in a large nationally representativeThe present study seeks to explore the factors influencing the choice of a more healthy diet. MethodsThe sampling procedure and field work were carried out by MORI (a private marketing company) between May and September 1993 in England only. The study was conducted by the Health Education Authority on behalf of the Department of Health; the methodology is presented in more detail e l~e w h e r e '~. In brief, MORI co...

During 1964 and 1965, Chippewa and Merit soybeans were planted in 20‐, 61‐, and 102‐cm rows at populations attained from seeding rates of approximately 34, 67, and 135 kg/ha. Evapotranspiration from planting to the first killing frost ranged from 32.8 to 38.0 cm and from 42.3 to 46.2 cm for 1964 and 1965, respectively. Neither row spacing nor plant population significantly affected evapotranspiration during the 2 years studied. Generally, highest water‐use efficiencies were obtained for the lower plant populations in 20‐cm rows. Soybeans produced per hectare‐centimeter of water used varied from 55 to 60 kg for 1964 and from 50 to 59 kg for 1965.