The objective of this study is to investigate the associated risk factors of haemorrhoids. The study was conducted in the Hospital of National Institute of Unani Medicine. It was a cross sectional study of 1 year duration. A total number of 311 patients were found to be suffering from haemorrhoids in which 236 were males and 75 were females. Patients were diagnosed on the basis of anorectal examination which includes inspection, digital examination and proctoscopy. Both modifiable and non-modifiable risk factors were recorded in a pretested semi-structured schedule. In the present study out of 416 patients, 311 were found to be having haemorrhoids. Prevalence of haemorrhoids was found maximum in age group of ≥ 40 years, and in those who were not doing morning or evening walk or other extra physical activities; in those whom family history of haemorrhoids was positive; which clearly shows the association of haemorrhoids with the advancement in age, sedentary lifestyle and heredity and genetic makeup.

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Background and objective: Anal fissure is one of the most painful conditions among the anorectal disorders. In classical Unani literature, anal fissure is termed as shiqaq e miqad. It is a common anorectal condition, and in terms of prevalence it ranks third after chronic constipation and haemorrhoids but exact data on its prevalence is rare. Therefore, this study was designed to estimate the prevalence of anal fissure among the patients of anorectal complaints visiting NIUM Hospital.

Preventable otological diseases/conditions have been found to be significant health problem amongst children. The most common ear problems found among school children are impacted wax, acute and chronic suppurative otitis media, hearing impairment and foreign bodies etc . The present study was a cross sectional conducted in 546 school children of either gender upto 8th standard in age group of 5-15 years for ear diseases/conditions, in three selected schools in the field area of NIUM, Bengaluru, in one year duration. A pretested and semi structured questionnaire was designed in such a manner that more information regarding demographic profile, assessment of various otological diseases/disorders and associa ted risk factors in children could be collected. The present study revealed that 352 (64.47%) were found having otological conditions. Among them otological conditions were found in 121 (34.37%) and 231 (65.62%) in age group of 5-10 and 11-15 years respectively. Out of total number of enrolled students 319 (58.42%) were girls and 227 (41.58%) were boys. Among them otological conditions were found in 212 (60.23%) girls and in140 (39.77%) in boys. In the present study otological conditions were found more in females than males and more affected children were from l ower socioeconomic status. The present study showed that female gender, higher age group and lower socioeconomic status were the risk factors for various otological conditions. Further it was revealed that there was strong relationship between otological conditions and school children; it was also revealed that some risk factors, like female gender, higher age group and lower socioeconomic status are directly related to otological conditions in school children.

Objective: Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya is the six essential factors proposed by the Unani sages, testified by time and human experiences that moderation/balance in these lifestyle factors can play an imperative role to accentuate and boost immunity. The present study is designed to identify the various ways of moderation and modifications in these six indispensable factors of Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya to enhance immunity. Methodology: The present study is an empirical review of the classical concept of Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya (the six essential life factors) described in original classical texts (English translations) and a critical constructive analysis of the available literature on the topic. It is an attempt to validate the old conceptual claims with help of recent studies and to appraise the significant role of balanced Asbab-e-Sitta Zarooriya in regulating and boosting immunity and how modifications in these factors can play a pivotal role in the prevention of various disease conditions. Conclusion: The study concludes that protecting ourselves from outside by various precautionary measures will not suffice to combat the present health challenges rather we also require defending ourselves beginning right from within our body by strengthening the immune system. The immune system is quite complicated and to a great extent, influenced by the extrinsic factors surrounding us. Many aspects impact the working of the immune system. A healthy lifestyle (balanced Asbab-e- Sitta Zarooriya) includes eating nutritious food and practicing good habits involving walking and exercising regularly, maintaining good emotional and mental health, and taking adequate rest. All these six essential factors play a significant role in regulating and boosting immunity.