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It is now widely accepted that ontologies play a critical role in achieving the goal of machine understandable web, also known as semantic web. In order to develop ontologies, several methodologies have been proposed during the last two decades. Despite the fact, that quite a number of ontology engineering methodologies have been proposed, still the field lacks widely accepted and mature methodologies. Most methodologies lack sufficient details of techniques and activities employed in them. However, some methodologies provide sufficient details including METHONTOLOGY. This article discusses and reports a critical analysis and comparison of these methodologies. The analysis is performed based on a criterion, derived from related literature, trends and needs which evolved over the years. The results of the analysis showed that there is no completely mature methodology. Therefore, this research may act as a preliminary guide to come with a state of art ontology engineering methodology, bridging up the existing gaps and shortfalls.

Laboratory technicians in Pakistan lack awareness of good laboratory practices and biosafety measures, and also face a lack of resources.

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The asymptomatic dengue infection is higher in cities i.e. Karachi, Islamabad and Lahore which are at risk of developing secondary dengue infections. There is a need of awareness among the public about secondary dengue infection.

Purpose – Ontologies play an important role in enabling machines to understand and navigate a knowledge base. Currently, a number of ontologies covering specific topic in the Quran have been created to serve a particular application. However, these existing Quran ontologies are limited in scope and knowledge. Specifically, existing ontologies do not support contextual information that is considered necessary for correct interpretation of the verses of Quran. The paper aims to discuss these issues. Design/methodology/approach – In order to fill this gap, this paper reports development of an ontology for Juz' Amma that encapsulates contextual information support, which are the translations, revelations place, tafsir, and hadiths. Findings – The developed ontology was evaluated and was found to satisfy the requirements specification. Originality/value – In addition, this ontology can be reused and further enhanced to support many Quran-related semantic applications in the future.

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Situs inversus abdominus with rotational anomaly of the intestines is an extremely rare condition. Although intestinal malrotation has been recognized as a cause of obstruction in infants and children and may be complicated by intestinal ischaemia, it is very rare in adults. When it occurs in the adult patient, it may present acutely as bowel obstruction or intestinal ischaemia or chronically as vague intermittent abdominal pain. Herein, we present an acute presentation of a case of situs inversus abdominus and intestinal malrotation with Ladd's band leading to infarction of the intestine in a 32 year old woman.