Background Underweight prevalence continues to be major public health challenge worldwide, particularly in developing countries like Pakistan. This study is focused on socio-economic and demographic aspects of underweight prevalence among children under-five in Punjab. Methods In this study, several socioeconomic and demographic factors are considered using MICS-4 data-set. Only those variables which are usually described in the nutritional studies of children were picked. Covariates include: the age of children, sex of the children, age of mother, total number of children born to women, family wealth index quintile, source of drinking water, type of sanitation, place of residence, parents’ education and occupation. All Categorical variables are effect coded. The child’s age and the mother’s age are assumed to be nonlinear, geographical region is spatial effect, while other variables are parametric in nature. Since, the response is binary, covariate comprises linear terms, nonlinear effects of continues covariates and geographic effects, so we have use Geo-additive models (based on Fully Bayesian approach) with binomial family under logit link. Statistical analysis is performed on Statistical package R using Bayes X and R2 Bayes X Libraries. Results Underweight status of children was found to be positively associated with number of under-five children in household, total number of children ever born to women and age of mother when the child was born. Whereas, it negatively associated with place of residence, parent’s education and family wealth index quintile. On the regional effect, the Southern Punjab has higher prevalence of underweight compared to Central and Northern Punjab. Conclusion Similarity of our results with several other studies demonstrate that the Geo-additive models are an ideal substitute of other statistical models to analyze the underweight prevalence among children. Moreover, our findings suggest the Punjab Government, to introduce target-oriented programs such as poverty reduction and enhancement of education and health facilities for poor population and disadvantaged regions, especially Southern Punjab.
Introduction: In schizophrenia, non-compliance with treatment leads to the disease burden in the community. It is considered as a challenge worldwide due to the need for long-term treatment and additional associated factors in Schizophrenia. Aim: The goal of the study is to identify patients with treatment non-compliance in schizophrenia and determine the related factors from environmental, socio-cultural and familial perspectives. Place and Duration: The study was carried out at the department of Behavioral Sciences, PGMI /AMC / LGH Lahore, Pakistan, from November 2021 to April 2022. Methods: The study included 100 patients with non-compliance to treatment in schizophrenia who visited the relevant psychiatric departments. For the research a descriptive cross-sectional design was chosen with non-random, purposive sample selection technique being utilised. Prior to the study, ethical approval from the authorities and informed consent from patients were obtained. Educated patients completed questionnaires whereas uneducated patients asked their relatives to provide such information on questionnaires. Results: Out of 100 participants, 56 were males and 44 were females, with a ratio of 1.4:1. The participants mean age was 32.25 ± 11.1. About 23% of them were uneducated, and above sixty percent (61%) had a family income < 20,000 PKR rupees per month. A substantial percentage of family-members (15%) were unaware of their role and that of their family members, and the majority (77%) stated that people made a negative contribution. Factors contributing to treatment non-compliance included belief as a major life event (6%), perception about the disease being incurable (25%), lack of nearby treatment access (76%), migration (8%), forgetting an appointment with medical professional (18%), discontinuation of medication on the advice of a faith healer (16%), discontinuation of medication due to social stigma (14%), no follow-up being arranged (22%), and refusal to continue treatment (13%). Conclusions: The study aimed to identify the possible reasons for medication non-compliance in patients of schizophrenia from environmental, socio-cultural and familial perspectives. Many factors have been recognised that contribute indirectly or directly to the treatment non-compliance. Keywords: Non-Compliance, Compliance and Schizophrenia.
Background and aim: Orthopedic trauma patients experience anxiety and depression, both of which are undesirable psychological issues. The present study aimed was to determine the prevalence of anxiety and depression. Material and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 188 orthopedic trauma patients in Orthopaedics Department of Federal Govt. Polyclinic Hospital (FGPC) Islamabad and Wah Medical College / POF hospital Wah Cantt from October 2020 to September 2022. Prior to study conduction, ethical approval from research and ethical committee was taken. Informed written consent was obtained from each individual. Social characteristics, demographic details, and clinical examination were recorded. Hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) was used for the assessment of patient’s anxiety and depression. SPSS version 26 was used for data analysis. Results: Of the total 188 patients, there were 112 (60%) male and 76 (40%) females. The overall mean age was 46.82 ± 12.94 years with an age range (15-75 years). Age-wise distribution of patients was as follows: 56 (29.8%) in 15-30 years, 44 (23.4%) in 31-45 years, 38 (20.2%) in 46-60 year, and 50 (26.6%) in 61-75 years. Out of 188 orthopedic trauma patients, the incidence of road traffic accident (RTA) and ground fall was 96 (51.1%) and 92 (48.9%) respectively. The incidence of anxiety and depression before and after orthopedic surgery was 22 (11.7%) and 32 (17%) and 36 (19.1%) and 46 (24.5%) respectively. Anxiety and depression on HADS was 4.12 and 5.21 before surgery and increased substantially to 4.62 and 5.81 after surgery. The incidence of single, double, and triple fracture was 162 (85.2%), 24 (12.8%), and 2 (1.1%) respectively. Conclusion: The present study found that orthopedic trauma in the elderly often leads to emotional disorders. Anxiety and depression levels were low before surgery and increased after surgery in orthopedic trauma patients. However, age, poverty, and gender are directly related to anxiety and depression. Patients with geriatric disorders should be monitored closely by clinicians. Keywords: Orthopedic trauma, Psychological problems, anxiety, depression
Depression is a disorder that affects the persons mood and its incidence is one in four females occurs at any time in their lives, so it's no wonder that pregnant women are also affected by this condition. However, depression during pregnancy is often misdiagnosed as fluctuations in a woman's hormone levels are believed to be the cause of many of these changes. In the hope that a diagnosis can, be made at a very early stage and that preventive measures can be taken later, the first step is to govern the pervasiveness of depression in pregnant females. The available evidence of depression in pregnancy varies widely. We need relatively short estimates to determine the severity of a depressive illness and develop a coping strategy for disorders of depression. Aim: To access the depression prevalence among pregnant females admitted to the gynecology department. Place and Duration: In the Psychiatry department of Behavioral Sciences PGMI/AMC/LGH, Lahore and Timergara Psychiatry Clinic in Pakistan for the duration of six months from September 2021 to February 2022. Methods: Data were gathered from 250 pregnant women by randomly collecting samples during their antenatal visits. The Depression Standard Scale named the "Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression," was used and depression was labelled if score greater than 7 on the Standard Rating Scale. The analysis of the result was performed using the SPSS program and chi-square test. Results: The incidence of depression in gravid females was 82%. The study found 45 (18%) completely normal, 100 (40%) mild depression, 65 (26%) moderate depression, 28 (11.2%) had severe depression, and 12 (4.3%) were very severe depression. 0.013 was a statistically significant value of P. Conclusion: The data showed increased prevalence of depression among pregnant females in Pakistan, reaching 82%. Depression is much common in younger females, those with fewer births and pregnancies, and those living in a shared family system. Keywords: Depression; Prevalence; Pregnancy and Prenatal period; Psychiatric disorders and Mood disorders.
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