Privacy should become a key component in the IT system. It is not something to be considered at last but from the very early stages. Almost no nation has a greater sense of personal data security which could be equivalent to the European level. Since 9/11, the United States has declared to utilize PNR as a method for combating terrorism by associating PNR data with criminal records. Nevertheless, in fact, the majority of data found in the PNR is immense and most of this data is of a confidential nature. The paper used doctrinal legal research methodology utilizing the case and comparative law approach. It elaborates particular cases in relation to data protection issues. It also explores the differences between EU and US law which hinder the idea of data protection in particular on PNR. The study revealed that security is one of the most critical issues which hinder the agreement between the EU and the US on PNR data protection. As the EU promotes the highest standard to the data protection referring to the European community history and GDPR provisions, while the US places national security as a main priority beyond the privacy issues.
The issue of dual citizenships has been in much of the debate over the years. Many developed countries such as US, UK, Australia, and Switzerland have no restrictions on holding dual nationality, whereas countries such as Singapore, Austria, India, and Saudi Arabia do not “recognize” or “restrict” dual citizenships, leading to automatic loss of citizenship upon acquiring other. Some countries such as Austria, Spain may still grant dual citizenships upon certain special conditions under exceptional cases like celebrities. The implementation of dual citizenship nowadays is not something strange or unusual things internationally. By considering the international environment that is nowadays being wider and no limit, everyone has an easy access to go abroad. In Indonesia, the concept of dual citizenship still limited to the children from inter-marriage, while consider the amount of Indonesian diaspora in another country this is the time for Indonesia to upgrade or revise the citizenship system in Indonesia.
Due to a lack of uniformity or harmonization of laws and regulations, cross-border insolvency has remained an issue in the ASEAN region. ASEAN economic openness with the implementation of the ASEAN Free Trade Area (AFTA) and ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) may create issues at some points as investors compete to dominate the ASEAN while assets are located not only on their own territory but also in other ASEAN member countries. On some occasions, they can fail to meet their debt payment obligations when performing international business transactions. As a result of the bankruptcy case, a legal arrangement may exist between the country in which the business actor is declared bankrupt and the country in which the bankrupt debtor's assets are located. This interaction between two or more countries involves a clash of jurisdictions. In order to counter such an issue, ASEAN may learn from what the EU has done over these decades. The study aims to compare the regulatory issue of foreign court jurisdiction in settling the insolvency cases both in ASEAN and EU. The paper is normative-qualitative legal research. It used a comparative, statute, and conceptual approach. It is found that in terms of cross-border insolvency, the European Union is far ahead of ASEAN, given that at least two major regulations in place, namely EC Regulation 1346/2000 and EU Regulation 2015/848, while ASEAN has almost nothing to offer at this time. The experience of the EU to formulate and implement a settled regulation on foreign court jurisdiction in settling the insolvency cases among EU member countries is one of the valuable lessons that ASEAN may take from the EU.
This research aims to find the reason behind why the Indonesian migrant workers runaways faktor-faktor yang mengakibatkan pekerja migran kabur, yaitu kondusifitas untuk mengkonfirmasi alasan pekerja migran Indonesia kaburan dan studi literatur,
The aim of this article is to investigate and thoroughly assess the consistency of Islamic financial institutions in adopting Sharia principles. It compares the standard operating procedures and company regulation which adopted by the Sharia Rural Bank (BPRS) with the fatwa issued by the National Sharia Council of Indonesian Ulema Council (DSN-MUI). It also explores particularly on the procedure and mechanism of Murabaha financing products application by the customer. The paper used a normative-empirical research method with employing statutory and conceptual approach. The análisis of data is described in qualitative-descriptive approach with comprehensive and systematic manner. The study reveals that the practice of Murabaha contracts at BPRS are carried out in conformity with the DSN-MUI Fatwa on Murabaha. Nevertheless, some aspects are considered to be in contravention of the DSN-MUI fatwa on Murabaha, particularly on the application of the Murabaha contract, which is accompanied by a wakalah contract.
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