Background: It has been observed that complex cardiovascular changes including cardiac rhythm and conduction occur during simulated diving in humans. As the study requires technical expertise, not many studies are conducted in this field. Two-dimensional (2D) echocardiography is a feasible method to study the cardiovascular changes during breath-hold immersion of the face in water. There is well-documented evidence for changes in left ventricular (LV) end-diastolic volume, stroke volume, and cardiac output. LV ejection fraction (LV EF) which is an important cardiac parameter that determines the amount of oxygenated blood each organ receives has not gained much attention. Hence, the present study was focused on the changes in LV EF with breath-hold immersion of the face in water. Aims and Objective: The objective of the study is to observe the change in LV EF during breath-hold immersion of the face in water using 2D echocardiography. Materials and Methods:The study was conducted in 15 male swimmers of age group 25-35 years, who are used to active breath-hold swimming. Results: There was a statistically significant reduction in LV EF during breath-hold immersion of the face in water. Conclusion: Cardiovascular changes during breath-hold immersion of the face in water are important as a majority of our population is involved with water-related activities for leisure, sports, or livelihood. The change in the cardiac parameter, LV EF, can be extrapolated to the case of actual swimming.
Introduction: Perianal discharge is a cause of significant morbidity, often requiring repeated surgical procedures due to tendency to recur. Anal abscesses and perianal fistula being the most common causes. Our main objective was to elucidate the cause and epidemiology of patients presenting with perianal discharge in the South Indian population. To illustrate the spectrum of MRI features in patients presenting with perianal discharge and to study MRI pattern of perianal fistula. Materials and Method: Prospective descriptive study. 58 patients of both sex and age ranging from 20 to 70 years who were referred for MRI fistulogram with complaints of perianal discharge were selected for study and analyzed. Result: In our study, we found that perianal discharge was common in young and middle-aged populations. The highest incidence was noted in the age group of 20-30 years. Perianal discharge was seen to affect males more females in an almost ~ 2: 1 ratio. In our study, we found various causes of perianal discharge on MRI. Perianal fistulas forming a major bulk of cases (77%). The rest of the causes included perianal sinuses (12%), perianal abscesses (7%), anal fissure (1.7%) and pilonidal sinus (1.7%). According to St. James University Hospital Criteria, we found Grade 1 perianal fistulas were the most common type, followed by Grade 2. We found 13 cases (29%) to have secondary branches or ramifications. We found 12 cases (27%) to have horseshoe or intersphincteric abscesses. Conclusion:Perianal fistulas are the most common cause of the perianal discharge. Perianal sinuses, perineal abscesses and pilonidal sinuses constitute an insignificant group. Almost one-third of perianal fistula cases are noted having secondary branches or association with abscesses, which are better elucidated on MRI. Thus, avoiding the need for repeated surgeries.
How to cite this article:Vivek Chail, Abhijit N, Rajan Balasubramanyam, Roohi Singh, Riyanka Chail. MR evaluation in non traumatic chronic wrist pain. International Journal of Contemporary Medicine Surgery and Radiology. 2020;5(1):A79-A84. study the epidemiology and most common causes of non-traumatic chronic wrist pain in the South Indian population and to study the spectrum of MRI features in those patients. Material and methods: Prospective descriptive study was done on 30 patients of both sex and age ranging from 11 to 70 years who presented with non-traumatic chronic wrist pain were selected for study and analyzed. Result: In our study, we found painful wrist is fairly equally common in almost age groups between 21 years to 60 years and is slightly more prevalent in the females compared to males We found infective and inflammatory causes formed the bulk of cases (~70%). Degenerative and inflammatory diseases were more common than infective disorders (36.7% as compared to 33.3%). Among inflammatory diseases, degenerative arthritis was the most common, followed by inflammatory tenosynovitis and rheumatoid arthritis. Bony lesions and soft tissue mass lesions formed the third-largest group (20%). The most common lesions included ganglion cysts and hemangiomas. We found fewer cases of avascular necrosis (6.7%) and carpal tunnel syndrome (3.7%). Conclusion: Early timely diagnosis by MRI not only helps in management but also help reduce long term disability. There has been a trend towards inflammatory/degenerative disorders due to the changing lifestyle and delayed presentation in developing countries.
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