Reference intervals (RIs) of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) and free thyroxine (fT4) were determined in 402 healthy pregnant women by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) technique after partitioning them into three trimesters. The reference population was chosen from a study population of 610 pregnant females by applying strict inclusion and exclusion criteria. The assays were done using proper quality control measures. RIs were calculated from the central 95 % of the distribution of TSH and fT4 values located between the lower reference limit of 2.5 percentile and upper reference limit of 97.5 percentile value 0.90 confidence intervals for the upper and lower reference limits were also determined. The reference intervals for TSH were 0.25-3.35 μIU/ml for the first trimester; 0.78-4.96 μIU/ml for the second trimester and 0.89-4.6 μIU/ml for the third trimester. Similarly, the reference intervals for fT4 for first, second and third trimesters were 0.64-2.0, 0.53-2.12 and 0.64-1.98 ng/dl respectively. The values thus obtained varied from those provided by the kit literature. In comparison to our derived reference intervals, the reference data from kit manufacturer under-diagnosed both subclinical hypo- and hyper-thyroidism within our pregnant reference population.
Quantum algorithm, as compared to classical algorithm, plays a notable role in solving linear systems of equations with an exponential speedup. Here, we demonstrate a method for solving a particular system of equations by using the concept of well-known Grover's quantum search algorithm. The algorithm finds the solution by rotating the initial state vector in the Hilbert space to get the target solution state. It mainly involves finding particular matrices that solve the set of equations and constructing corresponding quantum circuits using the basic quantum gates. We explicitly illustrate the whole process by taking 48 different set of equations and solving them by using the concept of Grover's algorithm. We propose new quantum circuits for each set of equations and design those on the IBM quantum simulator. We run the quantum circuit for one set of equations and obtain the desired results, and hence verify the working of the algorithm.
Background: Increased consumption of self-prescribed antibiotics may lead to resistance against them also causing rise in financial burden. Medical fraternity is in an advantageous position to use antibiotics of their choice.
Aims and Objectives: The present study was conducted among medical undergraduates to estimate the prevalence and describe different attributes of self-medication among them.
Materials and Methods: The study was conducted among 188 undergraduate students of MBBS phase 1 using complete enumeration method with the help of a predesigned pretested semi-structured self-administered questionnaire.
Results: About 76.76% students were practicing self-medication and majority took it due to convenience (77.46%) and to get rid of fever, cough, and runny nose on the basis of previous doctor’s prescription (65.49%) mostly from community pharmacists (69.01%). About 43.66% students changed the antibiotics, 47.18% changed dosage and only 34.5% completed the course, 28.2% students had adverse reactions, and 36.6% students did not opine self-medication as an acceptable practice.
Conclusion: Self-medication with antibiotics is a quite prevalent practice among the medical undergraduates of phase 1. Further studies will be helpful to assess the change of behavior among them during the progression through MBBS later on.
Background: Dyslipidemia and metabolic complications related to Insulin resistance are closely linked to patients suffering from polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS). Aims: To find out the changes in serum testosterone, leptin and adiponectin levels and explore their relative importance in alterations of insulin resistance (IR) in non obese PCOS patients. Study Design: Hospital based, case control, non interventional study. Both cases and control subjects were selected following the method of convenience according to prefixed inclusion and exclusion criteria. Methodology: In 33 non obese PCOS patients and 35 controls Leptin, insulin, testosterone, leutinizing hormone (LH), follicular stimulating hormone (FSH) and adiponectin were measured by
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