Recent developments in three-dimensional (3D) printing technology offer immense potential in fabricating scaffolds and implants for various biomedical applications, especially for bone repair and regeneration. As the availability of autologous bone sources and commercial products is limited and surgical methods do not help in complete regeneration, it is necessary to develop alternative approaches for repairing large segmental bone defects. The 3D printing technology can effectively integrate different types of living cells within a 3D construct made up of conventional micro- or nanoscale biomaterials to create an artificial bone graft capable of regenerating the damaged tissues. This article reviews the developments and applications of 3D printing in bone tissue engineering and highlights the numerous conventional biomaterials and nanomaterials that have been used in the production of 3D-printed scaffolds. A comprehensive overview of the 3D printing methods such as stereolithography (SLA), selective laser sintering (SLS), fused deposition modeling (FDM), and ink-jet 3D printing, and their technical and clinical applications in bone repair and regeneration has been provided. The review is expected to be useful for readers to gain an insight into the state-of-the-art of 3D printing of bone substitutes and their translational perspectives.

AbstractIndia is a large and densely populated country; its economy is largely agricultural. Making the best use of the country’s manpower has always posed a challenge. Industrialization could become a dominant component of the economy and displace agriculture. Traditional livelihoods of occupational groups are threatened by the practice of disposing untreated industrial waste into rivers and bodies of water. These uncontrolled disposals impact local natural resources with negative long-term effects. Industrialization is the development of intellectual and financial trade that changes a predominantly rustic culture into a modern one. Many industrial units discharge wastewater locally without treatment. Many industries directly discharged their waste into lakes, rivers and ocean. Water contamination impacts the environment. Pesticides, chemical, waste oil and heavy metals are regularly transported into their waters. Humans and other living organisms can accumulate heavy metals from industrial discharges in their tissues. Industrial waste may be reactive, corrosive, flammable, or toxic. When untreated sewage is emptied into rivers, it causes diseases like typhoid, dysentery and cholera. Natural elements and plant supplements like nitrate and phosphates stimulate growth of algae on the water surface. The algae reduce the oxygen in the water and cause eutrophication. It is harmful to the water ecosystem. In Rajasthan proper, there are a number of sites bordering rivers and lakes where the pace of industrialization has proceeded far beyond the ability of regulators to establish and enforce meaningful limits on the amount of point source pollution permitted to the various industrial complexes, which include cement, chemical, fertilizer, textile, mining, quarrying, dyeing and printing facilities. The scale of the problem is obvious to the casual observer, but actual documentation of the total impact remains to be done.

Pollution is the introduction of contaminants, which cause adverse change, into the natural environment and mainly from external inputs like sewage, waste from industries, oil spills and agricultural use of pesticides. Anthropogenic activity-reflected in the use of toxic metals and organic pollutants-has increased levels of soil contamination and damage to aquatic systems. Ecosystems maintain water quality and withstand pressure from pollution better if they are naturally equipped with biodiversity. Algae regularly develop in fresh water and seawater and some species grow in high-salt environments. Algae quickly reponds to changes in their environment as a consequence of changes in water chemistry, affecting their diversity, community composition and abundance. Recently, algae have been used in bioremediation and to cleanup wastewater due to their high efficiency in absorbing both organic and inorganic pollutants, incuding dissolved nutrients, heavy metals, pesticides, toxic compounds and even radiactive materials. Almost all freshwater ecosystems depend on phytoplankton because they are producers and participate in the aquatic food chain; they are also useful for water quality assessment. The present work is an effort to determine the range of variation among different groups of algae. Our results showed that four species dominated the microbial community in eutrophic waters, namely Euglena (Euglenophyta), Nitzschia (Bacillariophyta), Oscillatoria and Phormidium (Cyanophyta).

The Dravyavati River (Amanishah Nala) as "the existing line of Jaipur" is the most contaminated channel in Jaipur. It additionally demonstrates its potential for self-filtration. Bioremediation is a contamination control innovation that utilizes natural frameworks to speed up the debasement or change of different dangerous organism to less destructive structures. Bioremediation is an acute and productive way for sterilization that has turned out to be progressively extended nowadays to close or weaken environmental contamination. The potential for green algae in wastewater remediation is anyway a lot more extensive in degree than its energy job. Water samples collected from Dravyavati River, Jaipur, India and identified algae through Microscopic method. The green algae assume a vital job in controlling and biomonitoring of genetic pollution in amphibian biological communities. Algae are critical bioremediation operators and areas of now being used in wastewater treatment.

The medicinal plants have been used for years in daily life to treat infections all over the world. Azadirachta indica is a very valuable traditional therapeutic plant in the sub-continent regions. Each part of the tree has remarkable medicinal properties. In the present study, Phytochemical study yielded positive results for tannins, cardiac glycosides, anthraquinones, and saponins. The terpenoids was found to be missing. In antimicrobial studies, the organic and aqueous Leaf extract of Azadirachta indica found to show inhibitory action against the growth of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli that reveal the presence of pharmacologically bioactive constituents in Azadirachta indica. Key words: Nature; Azadirachta indica; Ayurveda; antimicrobial activity