Azadirachta indica as a biological sink for fabrication of gold nanoparticles (GNPs) and its applications in efficient delivery of doxorubicin (DOX) are presented here. Sucrose density gradient centrifugation was used to isolate the spherical GNPs of <50 nm from the mixture (containing both spherical and nonspherical) of nanoparticles synthesized using leaves of A. indica at inherent pH (6.14). The stability of GNPs due to the biological capping agents was scrutinised by measuring the flocculation parameter which was found to be in the range of 0-0.65. On the surface of these capped GNPs, doxorubicin was attached along with activated folic acid (FA) as navigational molecules for targeted drug delivery. Attachments were verified using FTIR which confirmed the formation of non-covalent interactions. The GNPs-FA-DOX complex was found be non-toxic for normal cells and considerably toxic for HeLa cells.The drug loading capacity of the GNPs was found to 93%. Doxorubicin release kinetics using GNPs followed 1 st order at pH 5.3 which is ideal for solid tumor targeting.
A mutant strain of Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 lacking isocitrate dehydrogenase activity was created to determine whether this enzyme was required for symbiotic nitrogen fixation with soybean (Glycine max cv. Williams 82). The isocitrate dehydrogenase mutant, strain 5051, was constructed by insertion of a streptomycin resistance gene cassette. The mutant was devoid of isocitrate dehydrogenase activity and of immunologically detectable protein, indicating there is only one copy in the genome. Strain 5051 grew well on a variety of carbon sources, including arabinose, pyruvate, succinate, and malate, but, unlike many microorganisms, was a glutamate auxotroph. Although the formation of nodules was slightly delayed, the mutant was able to form nodules on soybean and reduce atmospheric dinitrogen as well as the wild type, indicating that the plant was able to supply sufficient glutamate to permit infection. Combined with the results of other citric acid cycle mutants, these results suggest a role for the citric acid cycle in the infection and colonization stage of nodule development but not in the actual fixation of atmospheric dinitrogen.Symbiotic nitrogen fixation, the primary pathway by which inorganic nitrogen is made available for living organisms, requires complex communication and exchange of nutrients between the bacterial microsymbiont and the host plant. The complexity extends from preinfection and continues throughout the lifetime of the symbiosis. Specific rhizobial species infect particular leguminous host plants, for example, Bradyrhizobium japonicum infects soybean but not other leguminous plants. The termination of the infection and root colonization process takes the form of tumor-like growths on the roots called nodules. The bacteria within the nodule differentiate into a form known as a bacteroid, which is retained within a plant-derived membrane referred to as a symbiosome. The bacteroids derepress nitrogenase, the enzyme complex that reduces atmospheric N 2 to ammonium. Nitrogenase requires a minimum of 16 mol of ATP per mole of N 2 , but estimates of the energy needed for the complete nitrogen fixation process indicate that around 40 mol of ATP is required per mole of N 2 or, in terms of carbon, 6 g of carbon is required for every gram of N reduced (9,39,40).Bacteroids repress the glycolytic and other carbohydrate catabolic pathways (9, 26). Respirometric and enzymatic analyses have suggested the operation of the citric acid cycle in bacteroids. Malate is the primary carbon source provided to the bacteroids from the plant. Recently, proteomic analysis of B. japonicum bacteroids showed the presence of many citric acid and poly--hydroxybutyrate (PHB) cycle enzymes but only a few in glycolysis or the pentose phosphate pathway (34). The operation of the citric acid cycle in bacteroids has been an apparent anomaly since ␣-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase is strongly inhibited and down-regulated under low-oxygen conditions within the nodule (33). Analysis of a B. japonicum mutant lacking ␣-ketoglutara...
Use of cysteamine hydrochloride (Cys-HCl) protected gold nanorods (GNRs) as efficient carrier of widely used anti-cancer drug doxorubicin using folic acid as navigational molecule is presented in this work. GNRs were found to have excellent drug loading capacity of >97 %. A detailed comprehension of in vitro drug release profile under ideal physiological condition was found to obey 1st order kinetics at pH 6.8, 5.3 and 7.2, an ideal milieu for drug delivery to solid tumours.
Present work reports exceptionally high reducing capacity of Trapa bispinosa to synthesize monodispersed silver nanoparticles (SNPs) within 120 seconds at 30 ∘ C which is the shortest tenure reported for SNP synthesis using plants. Moreover, we also instigated impact of different pH values on fabrication of SNPs using visible spectroscopy with respect to time. Percentage conversion of Ag + ions into Ag ∘ was calculated using ICP-AES analysis and was found to be 97% at pH = 7. To investigate the reduction of Ag + ions to SNPs, cyclic voltammetry (CV) and open circuit potential (OCP) using 0.1 M KNO 3 were performed. There was prompt reduction in cathodic and anodic currents after addition of the peel extract which indicates the reducing power of T. bispinosa peel. Stability of the SNPs was studied using flocculation parameter (FP) which was found to be least at all the pH values. FP was found to be indirectly proportional to stability of the nanoparticles.
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