Summary Background 80% of individuals with cancer will require a surgical procedure, yet little comparative data exist on early outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). We compared postoperative outcomes in breast, colorectal, and gastric cancer surgery in hospitals worldwide, focusing on the effect of disease stage and complications on postoperative mortality. Methods This was a multicentre, international prospective cohort study of consecutive adult patients undergoing surgery for primary breast, colorectal, or gastric cancer requiring a skin incision done under general or neuraxial anaesthesia. The primary outcome was death or major complication within 30 days of surgery. Multilevel logistic regression determined relationships within three-level nested models of patients within hospitals and countries. Hospital-level infrastructure effects were explored with three-way mediation analyses. This study was registered with ClinicalTrials.gov , NCT03471494 . Findings Between April 1, 2018, and Jan 31, 2019, we enrolled 15 958 patients from 428 hospitals in 82 countries (high income 9106 patients, 31 countries; upper-middle income 2721 patients, 23 countries; or lower-middle income 4131 patients, 28 countries). Patients in LMICs presented with more advanced disease compared with patients in high-income countries. 30-day mortality was higher for gastric cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (adjusted odds ratio 3·72, 95% CI 1·70–8·16) and for colorectal cancer in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (4·59, 2·39–8·80) and upper-middle-income countries (2·06, 1·11–3·83). No difference in 30-day mortality was seen in breast cancer. The proportion of patients who died after a major complication was greatest in low-income or lower-middle-income countries (6·15, 3·26–11·59) and upper-middle-income countries (3·89, 2·08–7·29). Postoperative death after complications was partly explained by patient factors (60%) and partly by hospital or country (40%). The absence of consistently available postoperative care facilities was associated with seven to 10 more deaths per 100 major complications in LMICs. Cancer stage alone explained little of the early variation in mortality or postoperative complications. Interpretation Higher levels of mortality after cancer surgery in LMICs was not fully explained by later presentation of disease. The capacity to rescue patients from surgical complications is a tangible opportunity for meaningful intervention. Early death after cancer surgery might be reduced by policies focusing on strengthening perioperative care systems to detect and intervene in common complications. Funding National Institute for Health Research Global Health Research Unit.

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Atraumatic splenic rupture is a rare but dangerous complication of chronic pancreatitis, vastly ignored in emergency literature. The anatomical relationship between the spleen and the tail of the pancreas contributes to the pathophysiology when an inflammatory process is in progress, although the mechanisms are not fully understood. The authors report the case of a 41-year-old male, previously undiagnosed with chronic pancreatitis, presenting with atraumatic splenic rupture. Due to worsening abdominal pain and hemodynamic instability, he underwent total splenectomy. The final diagnosis was obtained through contrast-enhanced abdominal computed tomography scans, intraoperative findings and histopathological examination of the surgical specimen, as frequently reported in previous cases. Total splenectomy is the treatment of choice, as the failure rate of the conservative approach is high. Few of these cases are described and a deeper understanding of the subject is needed. As this condition can worsen in a short time, a prompt diagnosis followed by adequate treatment can impact the morbidity and mortality associated with splenic rupture. High clinical suspicion is essential and increased knowledge about the pathophysiology and presentation of splenic complications in pancreatitis may alert emergency physicians to these fatal complications.

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