Previous research on the Portuguese case confirmed free-riding, free-marketer and right-wing political inclinations among economics students. Further scrutiny was endeavored here, perceiving also a considerably increased interest for politics, notwithstanding the lack of concern for public problems. Various aspects of free-riding proclivity were distinguished and discussed, relating them with youngsters’ risk-loving and sensation-seeking tendencies, but also with a number of other facets specific to economics students, including: prevalence of achievement values, contextual influences on morals, peer pressure, perceived group status and social expectations regarding the economic profession.
The first thing worth noting about "war and capitalism" are the important intellectual traditions referring to the relations between these two terms, which operate in radically opposing ways. However, the main intellectual currents since the Enlightenment have posited an essential antipathy between these two concepts. Economic links were supposed to inhibit social conflicts and promote reciprocal dependencies, thus civilizing customs and promoting peace, both internally and among different sovereign entities. These ideas are coherent with world-visions with many ramifications, but often expressed under the form of an "oughtto-be", not regarding real facts. An example is the work of Adam Smith, who argued that colonial trade was potentially a peaceful activity, good for all parties involved, whereas he simultaneously recognized that economic reality strayed considerably from such a rosy picture. The exact reasons for that remained somewhat vague, although Smith tended to blame monopolies and the mingling of trade with the exercise of sovereignty, as opposed to a peaceinducing model of open competition. This cluster of issues is treated here via the revision of the correspondent ideas by a number of important social theorists, including Adam Smith, Karl Marx, Max Weber, Werner Sombart, Thorstein Veblen, Joseph Schumpeter, Alexander Gerschenkron, Karl Polanyi, Fernand Braudel, Giovanni Arrighi and Michael Mann. The theories advanced by these authors are also contrasted with various important historical facts and trends, mentioned in the works of other relevant researchers, mostly historians, suggesting the convenience of keeping an open mind vis-à-vis the complexities, ambivalences and indeterminacies of social realities.Keywords: war, capitalism, cycles of hegemony, pluralism in sociological approach, complexity of historical realities, novelty and continuities in international relationsThere are a number of important aspects immediately worth noting about "war and capitalism. " The first is the deeply heterogeneous nature of this conjunction. Another is the presence of important intellectual traditions regarding the relations between these two ideas, operating in very different, radically opposing ways.
This paper considers an important aspect for the assessment of public policies in Portugal, namely the opinions of laypersons or population in general, and particularly the ones regarding social policies. Such opinions, even though different from the ones of experts, must be dully taken into consideration in any assessment of the effectiveness of public policies. The study is based on a survey performed in December 2016, regarding a sample of 600 individuals living in the Greater Lisbon, stratified by gender, education and age. Its main focus is the analysis of shifting attitudes according to age. The questions refer namely to: identification with political parties; vote in recent elections; reasons for vote and/or abstention; interest for politics; features perceived in Portuguese political agents; trust in political agents; satisfaction with the functioning of democracy in Portugal; citizens' perceived influence in political events; relevant aspects in partisan choice; self-perception in terms of left-right dimension; preference for economic market regulation, state regulation and/or regulation by the 'third sector'; evaluation of social policies; biases within these perceptions and preferences associated with gender, levels of income, and age. RESUMOConsidera-se neste artigo um aspeto importante para a avaliação das políticas públicas em Portugal, nomeadamente as opiniões dos leigos ou população em geral, em particular as opiniões relativas às políticas sociais. Essas opiniões, mesmo que divergentes das dos peritos, devem ser devidamente sopesadas em qualquer avaliação da eficiência das políticas públicas. O estudo baseia-se num inquérito realizado em Dezembro de 2016, relativo a uma amostra de 600 pessoas residentes na Grande Lisboa, estratificada por género, níveis de educação e idade. O principal foco está na análise das variações de atitude reportáveis à idade. As questões referem-se designadamente a: identificação com partidos políticos, voto em eleições recentes; razões para o voto e/ou a abstenção; interesse pela política; características percebidas dos agentes políticos portugueses; confiança nos políticos; satisfação com o funcionamento da democracia em Portugal; perceção de influência dos cidadãos na
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