This Guideline is an official statement of the European Society of Gastrointestinal Endoscopy (ESGE). It addresses the diagnosis and management of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage (NVUGIH). Abbreviations ! APC argon plasma coagulation ASA American Society of Anesthesiologists DAPT dual antiplatelet therapy CHADS 2 congestive heart failure, hypertension, age ≥ 75 years, diabetes mellitus, and previous stroke or transient ischemic attack [risk score] CI confidence interval DOAC direct oral anticoagulant ESGE

CGE does not improve the detection of IN in the endoscopic screening of patients with longstanding UC without primary sclerosing cholangitis and/or history of IN. CGE takes longer than CC, but it decreases the number of biopsies performed and significantly increases the per-biopsy yield of IN. Endomicroscopy is an accurate tool for IN detection.

Serum S100B is normal in patients with focal epilepsy related or not to chronic NCC.

Long-standing UC patients with ≥3 ACF have a significantly higher likelihood of having IN. Age >40 years, family history of CRC, and increased BMI have significant positive associations with the number of ACF.

-The Duchenne muscular systrophy (DMD) is a muscular dystrophy with cognitive impairment present in 20-30% of the cases. In the present study, in order to study the relationship between the α-dystroglycan (α-DG) immunostaining in skeletal muscle and cognitive performance in DMD patients, 19 were assessed. Twelve patients performed the intelligence quotient (IQ) below the average. Among the 19 patients, two were assessed by the Stanford-Binet test and 17 by Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-III (WISC-III). Nine patients performed a verbal IQ below the average, only three patients performed an average verbal IQ. The muscle biopsies immunostained with antibodies to α-DG showed that 17 patients presented a low expression, below 25% of the total fibers. Two patients presented α-DG immunostaining above 40% and an IQ within the average. No significant statistical relationship was demonstrated among total IQ, verbal IQ and execution IQ and α-DG immunostaining at these patients muscle samples.KEY WORDS: Duchenne muscular dystrophy, α-dystroglycan, cognitive impairment, dystrophin. Distrofia muscular de Duchenne: imunoexpressão da α-distroglicana em musculatura esqueléti-ca e performance cognitivaRESUMO -A distrofia muscular de Duchenne (DMD) é uma distrofia muscular com comprometimento cognitivo presente em 20-30% dos casos. No presente estudo, com a finalidade de estudar a relação entre a imunoexpressão da α-distroglicana (α-DG) em musculatura esquelética e a performance cognitiva em pacientes com DMD, foram avaliadas 19 crianças. Doze pacientes apresentaram o quociente de inteligência (QI) abaixo da média. Entre os 19 pacientes, dois foram avaliados pelo teste de Stanford-Binet e 17 pelo Wechsler Intelligence Scale para crianças-III (WISC-III). Nove apresentaram QI verbal abaixo da média, e apenas três QI verbal na média. As biopsias musculares com os anticorpos para α-DG mostraram que 17 pacientes apresentaram baixa expressão, abaixo de 25% do total de fibras. Dois pacientes apresentaram a imunoexpressão da α-DG acima de 40% e QI dentro da média. Não foi demonstrada relação estatisticamente significante entre o QI total, QI verbal e QI de execução e a imunoexpressão da α-DG . PALAVRAS-CHAVE: distrofia muscular de Duchenne, α-distroglicana, déficit cognitivo, distrofina.The Duchenne muscular dystrophy (DMD) is defined as an X linked recessive disorder, and the main features being progressive muscular weakness related to dystrophin protein deficiency in the skeletal muscle 1 . There is a wide range of symptoms in DMD, which delay diagnosis, because the initial observations are non-specific and the age when boys present the first symptoms is variable 2 . In the majority of boys, the common symptoms begin, before four years old, and are commonly characterized by abnormal gait, walking with difficulty and frequent fall overs. Other symptoms include delays in motor milestones and awkward gait 1 . The DMD is characterized by the absence of dystrophin the skeletal muscle 3 . The dystrophin is a protein that is...

Background: Congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21OHD) is an autosomal recessive disorder characterized by 3 overlapping phenotypes: salt-wasting (SW), simple virilizing (SV), and non-classic (NC). We aimed at conducting a nationwide genotype description of the CAH pediatric patients and to establish their genotype–phenotype correlation. Methods: CAH patients were recruited from Portuguese pediatric endocrinology centers and classified as SW, SV, or NC. Genetic analysis was performed by polymerase chain reaction (sequence specific primer, restriction fragment length polymorphism) or direct Sanger sequencing. Genotypes were categorized into 4 groups (0, A, B, and C), according to their predicted enzymatic activity. In each group, the expected phenotype was compared to the observed phenotype to assess the genotype–phenotype correlation. Results: Our cohort comprises 212 unrelated pediatric CAH patients (29% SW, 11% SV, 60% NC). The most common pathogenic variant was p.(Val282Leu; 41.3% of the 424 alleles analyzed). The p.(Val282Leu) variant, together with c.293-13A/C>G, p.(Ile173Asn), p.(Leu308Thr), p.(Gln319*), and large deletions/conversions were responsible for 86.4% of the mutated alleles. Patients’ stratification by disease subtype revealed that the most frequent pathogenic variants were c.293-13A/C>G in SW (31.1%), p.(Ile173Asn) in SV (46.9%), and p.(Val282Leu) in NC (69.5%). The most common genotype was homozygosity for p.(Val282Leu; 33.0%). Moreover, we found 2 novel variants: p.(Ile161Thr) and p.(Trp202Arg), in exons 4 and 5, respectively. The global genotype-phenotype correlation was 92.4%. Group B (associated with the SV form) showed the lowest genotype–phenotype correlation (80%). Conclusion: Our cohort has one of the largest NC CAH pediatric populations described. We emphasize the high frequency of the p.(Val282Leu) variant and the very high genotype–phenotype correlation observed.

BACKGROUND. CARD15 is involved in the innate immune response and mutations of this gene have been linked with increased risk of Crohn's disease and colorectal cancer. The relation between CARD15 mutations and gastric cancer (GC) remains controversial. AIMS. To assess whether CARD15 mutations are risk factors for GC in Portugal and whether there are genotype-phenotype correlations in these patients. METHODS. The 3 main CARD15 mutations (3020insC, R702W and G908R) were searched in 150 patients with GC and in 202 healthy controls. RESULTS. Overall, CARD15 mutations were found in 28 patients (18.7%) and in 27 controls (13.4%) (p = 0.176). Individually, the incidence of 3020insC was significantly higher in patients than in controls (6.0% vs. 1.0%, p = 0.021). This polymorphism was linked with an increased risk for the intestinal-type of GC (p = 0.002), while no association was found with the diffuse and/or mixed types. Genotype frequencies for R702W (10.0% vs. 7.9%) and G908R (4.0% vs. 4.0%) were not statistically different between the two groups. Similarly, no significant associations were detected between these two polymorphisms and the different histological GC types. No correlations were observed between CARD15 mutations and family history, mean age at diagnosis or GC stage. CONCLUSIONS. The CARD15 3020insC variant is a risk factor for intestinal GC in Portugal. CARD15 variants are not correlated with age of diagnosis or family aggregation of the disease neither with the GC stage.

Hyperreninemic hypoaldosteronism due to aldosterone synthase (AS) deficiency is a rare condition typically presenting as salt-wasting syndrome in the neonatal period. A one-month-old Portuguese boy born to non-consanguineous parents was examined for feeding difficulties and poor weight gain. A laboratory workup revealed severe hyponatremia, hyperkaliaemia and high plasma renin with unappropriated normal plasma aldosterone levels, raising the suspicion of AS deficiency. Genetic analysis showed double homozygous of two different mutations in the CYP11B2 gene: p.Glu198Asp in exon 3 and p.Val386Ala in exon 7. The patient maintains regular follow-up visits in endocrinology clinics and has demonstrated a favourable clinical and laboratory response to mineralocorticoid therapy. To our knowledge, this is the first Portuguese case of AS deficiency reported with confirmed genetic analysis.