Only a small proportion of the mouse genome is transcribed into mature messenger RNA transcripts. There is an international collaborative effort to identify all full-length mRNA transcripts from the mouse, and to ensure that each is represented in a physical collection of clones. Here we report the manual annotation of 60,770 full-length mouse complementary DNA sequences. These are clustered into 33,409 'transcriptional units', contributing 90.1% of a newly established mouse transcriptome database. Of these transcriptional units, 4,258 are new protein-coding and 11,665 are new non-coding messages, indicating that non-coding RNA is a major component of the transcriptome. 41% of all transcriptional units showed evidence of alternative splicing. In protein-coding transcripts, 79% of splice variations altered the protein product. Whole-transcriptome analyses resulted in the identification of 2,431 sense-antisense pairs. The present work, completely supported by physical clones, provides the most comprehensive survey of a mammalian transcriptome so far, and is a valuable resource for functional genomics.
Information presented in news articles can be misleading without being blatantly false. Experiment 1 examined the effects of misleading headlines that emphasize secondary content rather than the article's primary gist. We investigated how headlines affect readers' processing of factual news articles and opinion pieces, using both direct memory measures and more indirect reasoning measures. Experiment 2 examined an even more subtle type of misdirection. We presented articles featuring a facial image of one of the protagonists, and examined whether the headline and opening paragraph of an article affected the impressions formed of that face even when the person referred to in the headline was not the person portrayed. We demonstrate that misleading headlines affect readers' memory, their inferential reasoning and behavioral intentions, as well as the impressions people form of faces. On a theoretical level, we argue that these effects arise not only because headlines constrain further information processing, biasing readers toward a specific interpretation, but also because readers struggle to update their memory in order to correct initial misconceptions. Practical implications for news consumers and media literacy are discussed. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2014 APA, all rights reserved).
T raditional models of route generation are based on choosing routes that minimize expected travel-time between origin and destination. Such approaches do not account for the fact that travelers often incorporate travel-time variability within their decision making. Thus, a route with lower travel-time variability is preferred by some travelers, even if such a route is not one with the lowest mean travel-time. Such traveler behavior is best captured by a multiobjective model in which the choice of a route is based on the mean as well as the variance of the path travel-time. Our route-planning model is intended to help travelers make choices that reflect their decision-making process better. We formulate a network flow multiobjective model in which one of the objectives (expectation) is linear, whereas, the other (variance) is quadratic. In order to present the user with a series of options, we solve a series of parametric 0-1 quadratic integer programs. By utilizing the network structure of the problem, we devise an effective algorithm in which the 0-1 quadratic program is solved by using a continuous relaxation together with an enumeration of some selected paths. Finally, we note that the data requirements for the model can be easily satisfied in practice.
The high chromium nickel base alloy 602 CA is used as construction material for high temperature components in aggressive environments such as gas burners or heat exchangers. The high temperature oxidation behaviour of this alloy is characterised by the formation of an external Cr 2 O 3 scale and internal precipitation of alumina. The main goal of the present investigation was to elucidate the effect of aluminum on the subscale chromium depletion phenomena. The chromium concentration profiles were found to be flat and sometimes even increasing towards the oxide-alloy interface. The experimental observations were interpreted in terms of alloy thermodynamics, i.e. effect of oxidation induced compositional changes on chemical potentials of the alloy constituents. The concentration profiles in alloy 602 CA observed during high temperature exposure were modelled using the CALPHAD approach for thermodynamic and kinetic calculations. Thermodynamic calculations revealed that the Al depletion in the alloy subsurface due to internal alumina precipitation leads to enhanced Cr diffusion towards the alloy surface.
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