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Study Design A prospective clinical study including radiological, serial postcontrast magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative findings, and histopathological study. Objective The objective of this study is to document in vivo, the site of anatomical failure in lumbar disc herniation (LDH) in patients requiring disc excision surgery. Summary of Background Data In vitro mechanical disruption studies have demonstrated both the end plate junction (EPJ) and the annulus fibrosus (AF) as the site of failure in LDH depending upon the type of force used. However, corroborative studies in vivo to document the exact anatomy of failure have not been done in humans. Methods A total of 185 consecutive patients requiring microdiscectomy at a single level formed the study group. The status of the end plate and AF in the operated level (study discs) and the other discs (control) were evaluated by plain radiograph, thin slice computed tomographic scan, plain and contrast magnetic resonance imaging, intraoperative examination, and histopathological analysis. Results LDH due to EPJ failure (EPJF- type I herniation) was more common (117; 65%) than annulus fibrosis rupture. Herniated discs had a significantly higher incidence of EPJF than control discs (p < 0.0001) The EPJF was evident radiologically as vertebral corner defect in 30 patients, rim avulsion in 46, frank bony avulsions in 24, and avulsion at both upper and lower EP in 4. Thirteen discs with normal EP radiologically had cartilage or bone avulsion intraoperatively. Sixty-four discs (35%) had intact EP of which annular high intensity zone was found in 21 (11%) suggesting a disruption of AF (type II herniation). Postcontrast magnetic resonance image of 20 patients showed dye leak at the EPJ proving EPJF as main cause of LDH. Conclusion Our study is the first in vivo evidence that LDH in humans is more commonly the result of EPJF than AF rupture in patients requiring disc surgery. Our results offer clinical validation of previous in vitro mechanical disruption studies. Future research must focus on the EPJ as a primary area of interest in LDH. Disclosure of Interest None declared

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Patients with traumatic sub-axial cervical dislocation (AO type C injuries) can be safely and effectively reduced by this technique. Other advantages include minimal blood loss, less risks of infection, shorted fusion zone, good fusion rate and neurological recovery.

The identification of the extent of neural damage in patients with acute or chronic spinal cord injury is imperative for the accurate prediction of neurological recovery. The changes in signal intensity shown on routine MRI sequences are of limited value for predicting functional outcome. Diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) is a novel radiological imaging technique which has the potential to identify intact nerve fibre tracts, and has been used to image the brain for a variety of conditions. DTI imaging of the spinal cord is currently only a research tool, but preliminary studies have shown that it holds considerable promise in predicting the severity of spinal cord injury. This paper briefly reviews our current knowledge of this technique.

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