Abstract. Nurhasnawati H, Sundu R, Sapri, Supriningrum R, Kuspradini H, Arung ET. 2019. Antioxidant activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content of several indigenous species of ferns in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 576-580. This study aimed to determine the total phenolic and flavonoids content and antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of several indigenous species of ferns in East Kalimantan. Total phenolic content was determined by Folin-Ciocalteau method and flavonoid content was measured by colorimetric method. Antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. The result of photochemical screening indicated that the leaves of Plagiogyria pycnophylla, Plagiogyria glauca, and Stenochlaena palustris contained alkaloid, flavonoid, tannin, saponin, and steroid while Acrostichum aureum contained flavonoid, tannin, saponin and steroid. The result showed extract Acrostichum aureum had the highest total phenolic content (366.4573 ± 2.2117 mg GAE.g-1), flavonoid content (228.6087 ± 2.2548 mg QE.g-1), and very strong antioxidant activity with IC50 value 29.5303 ppm. There is positive correlation between total phenolic content, flavonoid with antioxidant activity.
Putat plant (Planchonia valida) is a medicinal plant that grows in Mahulu, East Kalimantan. Empirically putat leaves are used to treat skin diseases and reduce black spots on the face. Characterization is the initial stage to determine the quality of an extract. Non-experimental research was conducted to determine the specific and non-specific characteristics of putat plants. Samples in the form of putat shoots were obtained from Mahulu Long Melaham Village, Long Bagun District, Mahakam Ulu Regency, East Kalimantan. The stages of the research include plant determination, sample collection, processing of simplicia, extraction using maceration methods, specific and non specific extracts characterization. Specific characteristics of putat leaf extract include organoleptic test in the form of thick extract, blackish brown color, characteristic odor, bitter taste, average water soluble extract content of 62.50% and ethanol soluble extract 48.75%. Secondary metabolites of putat leaf ethanol extract are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and steroids. The non-specific characteristics of putat leaf extract include average water content of 23.00%, ash content of 6.47% and acid insoluble ash content of 0.06%. Keywords: Planchonia valida, Characterization, Ethanol extract
Research Test Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extracts of Leaves kecombrang against Salmonella typhi aims to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract of leaves kecombrang against Salmonella typhi. The extract used is kecombrang leaf extract prepared by maceration using ethanol 95%, extracts obtained test chemical classes of compounds to determine the content of the active compound. Antibacterial activity test conducted at five concentrations of the extract is 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100%. Inhibition zone measurement results are then analyzed using One Way ANOVA with SPSS 20 to determine whether there is a difference at each concentration. The results showed kecombrang leaf ethanol extract 20%, 40%, 60%, 80%, and 100% produce inhibition zone diameter 3.9 mm; 6.5 mm; 6.75 mm; 7:45 mm; and 9:28 mm, 0 mm for the negative control and positive control 32.61 mm. The test results show the class of secondary metabolites kecombrang leaf ethanol extract contains tannin, saponin, and flavonoids. Of statistical tests concluded there were significant differences of treatment results in inhibition of the respective concentrations of ethanol extracts of leaves kecombrang
The roots of KB plants (Captosapelta tomentisa) is used empiricallyby Dayak Kenyah community as a drug leukorrhea. Leukorrhea is one of the early symptoms of cervical cancer. Early methods to determine the LC50 value or toxicity of anticancer KB roots have not been reported. The aim of research is to determine the value of the toxicity of KB root. Research was conducted by an experimental study. Research stages include sample processing, extraction and acute toxicity test by Brine Shrimp Lethality Test (BSLT). BSLT testing to determine LC50 values with a concentration of 250 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 450 ppm and a negative control. Analysis of the data used are probit analysis method. The results showed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids and saponins in of the ethanol extract of KB root . The test results obtained acute toxicity LC50 value is 299.226 mg / ml, so that the ethanol extract of roots KB potentially toxic to the larvae of Artemia salina Leach.
Daun singkil memiliki kandungan senyawa metabolit sekunder berupa flavonoid, saponin, tanin dan triterpenoid/steroid. Pengeringan merupakan salah satu tahap pembuatan simplisia yang dilakukan agar simplisia tidak mudah rusak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui kadar flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun singkil berdasarkan variasi suhu dan waktu pengeringan simplisia. Tahapan penelitian meliputi pengambilan sampel, determinasi tumbuhan, pembuatan simplisia dengan pengeringan oven pada suhu 50 ºC dan 70 ºC dengan waktu 8 dan 10 jam, ekstraksi secara maserasi, skrining fitokimia ekstrak, penetapan kadar flavonoid menggunakan Spektrofotometri UV-Vis. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak etanol daun singkil memiliki senyawa metabolit sekunder yaitu tanin, flavonoid, saponin dan terpenoid/steroid. Kadar rata-rata flavonoid ekstrak etanol daun singkil berdasarkan suhu dan waktu pengeringan simplisia berturut-turut mulai dari yang tertinggi adalah suhu 50oC waktu 10 jam sebesar 1,54% ; suhu 70 ºC waktu 8 jam sebesar 1,50% ; suhu 70 ºC waktu 10 jam sebesar 1,38% dan suhu 50 ºC waktu 8 jam sebesar 0,96% .
Empirically, kawao (Millettia sericea) leaves are used to treat fever and toothache. The development of medicinal plants into traditional medicines needs to be pursued. The first step that can be taken is characterization. Characterization is useful for knowing the quality of a simplicia, so that these results can be used as a reference for further research development. The research objective was to determine the specific and non-specific characteristics of kawao leaf simplicia. The research that was conducted was nonexperimental research. The research stages included plant determination, manufacturing of simplicia, testing of specific and non-specific characteristics of simplicia. The results of the specific characterization of the macroscopic / organoleptic test showed that the leaves were elongated, dark green in color, had a distinctive smell (aromatic), bitter taste, pinnate leaf bone arrangement, tapered leaf tips, rounded leaf base, flat leaf edge, thick leaf flesh, leaf width 8 -9.5 cm and 21 -27 cm long. The simplicia powder is dark green, has a distinctive smell (aromatic) and has a bitter taste. Microscopic test showed that the identifier of simplicia consisted of vascular bundles, lower epidermis, anomocytic type stomata, hair covering and parenchyma. The average water soluble extract content was 35.5%, the ethanol soluble extract content was 10.5%, and the phytochemical screening results were positive for alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids. The non-specific characteristics of the water content averaged 6.75%, the total ash content was 4.28% on average, the acid insoluble ash content was 1.47% on average.
Plants as medicinal ingredients have potential as antimicrobials and antioxidants, with various molecules that can protect the human body from pathogens and cellular oxidation. This is closely related to the secondary metabolitescontained in these plants. Currently there are several bacteria that are resistant to antibiotics, therefore it is necessary to find an alternative to overcome this resistance by conducting research on medicinal plants. Sekilang (Embeliaborneensis) is a plant that is used by the Dayak tribe in Kalimantan as an ingredient for catching fish, repelling leeches and hair care and does not rule out having medicinal properties. So it is necessary to do research on these plants, especially the bark. The purpose of this study was to determine the antibacterial activity of sekilang bark extract against Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus epidermidis bacteria. Extraction of the active substance was carried out by maceration with ethanol solvent and antibacterial activity test using the disc diffusion method. The results of phytochemicalscreening showed that the bark extract of sekilang contains saponins, flavonoids, alkaloids and tannins. The results of the antibacterial activity test against Propionibacterium acne at a concentration of 2.5%; 5% ; 10% and 20% are 6.5 mm, respectively; 8.36 mm ; 7.5mm; 7.33mm. Antibacterial activity against Staphyllococus epidermidis at a concentration of 2.5%; 5% ; 10% and 20% are 7.0 mm, respectively; 7.7mm; 6.33mm; 7.8mm. It was concluded, that the bark extract of sekilang have antibacterial activity against Propionibacterium acne and Staphyllococus epidermidis with moderate category. The positive control used was clindamycin and the negative control was Dimethyl sulfoxy.
The Sekilang plant (Embelia borneensis Scheff.) Is one of the plants used by the Dayak community for fishing, leech repellent and as an ingredient for hair care. Empirical use of plants can be developed into products based on natural ingredients. This must be supported by research data. As a first step, the simplicia and ethanol extract of the stem bark were characterized. The research objective was to determine the specific and non-specific characteristics of the simplicia and the extracts of the bark of the sekilang. The research stage includes plant determination, collection of raw materials, manufacture of simplicia, extract preparation, organoleptic, microscopic testing, phytochemical screening, determination of water soluble extract content, determination of ethanol soluble extract content, determination of water content and determination of ash content. Microscopy test results of sekilang stem bark showed the presence of fiber fragments, stone cells, and oxalate crystals. The average water soluble content for simplicia and sekilang bark extract was 7.5% and 80%. The average ethanol soluble content for simplicia and extract was 6% and 30%. The average moisture content for the simplicia and extract was 9.5% and 12%. The mean total ash content for simplicia and extract was 5% and 8.5%. The mean acid insoluble ash content for simplicia and extract was 1% and 0.5%.
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