BackgroundThis study aims to evaluate the association and dose-response between triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index and breast cancer.MethodThis is a multicenter case-control study conducted in six public referral hospitals in Indonesia. Cases are individuals aged 19 years or above who were diagnosed with breast cancer within 1 year of diagnosis, based on histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Controls were recruited from corresponding hospitals. TyG index was determined by the formula: ln (fasting TG [mg/dl] × fasting glucose [mg/dl]).ResultsThere were 212 participants in the breast cancer group and 212 participants in the control group. TyG index was higher in patients with breast cancer (median 8.65 [7.38, 10.9] vs. 8.30 [7.09, 10.84], p < 0.001). When compared with TyG quartile of Q1, Q4 was associated with an OR of 2.42 (1.77, 3.31), p < 0.001, Q3 was associated with an OR of 1.53 (1.21, 1.93), p < 0.001, Q2 was associated with an OR of 1.39 (1.12, 1.73), p = 0.002 for the risk of breast cancer. The dose-response relationship was nonlinear (p < 0.001). On univariate analysis, smoking (OR 2.15 [1.44, 3.22], p < 0.001), use of contraception (1.73 [1.15, 2.60], p = 0.008), alcohol consumption (OR 2.04 [0.96, 4.35], p = 0.064), and TyG Index >8.87 (OR 3.08 [1.93, 4.93], p < 0.001) were associated with risk of breast cancer. Independently associated with increased risk of breast cancer included smoking (OR 1.93 [1.23, 3.01], p = 0.004), use of contraception (OR 1.59 [1.02, 2.48], p = 0.039), and TyG Index >8.87 (OR 2.93 [1.72, 4.98], p < 0.001)ConclusionTyG index was associated with breast cancer in a nonlinear dose-response fashion.

Malnutrition is a common problem in cancer patients. Cancer cachexia refers to a complex multifactorial syndrome characterized by anorexia or the spontaneous and unintended loss of appetite, generalized host tissue wasting, skeletal muscle atrophy, immune dysfunction and a variety of metabolic alteration. The malnourished cancer patients respond poorly to therapheutic intervention. Once the patients have been screened and assessed, a nutrition care plan can be developed that is tailored to the patients present status, nutritional status, nutritional need, dietary restriction, tolerance and feasibility gastrointestinal function and treatment modalities that might impact their nutritional status, thus compromising intake. The calory requirements of patients with cancer depend on degree of malnutrition and metabolic stress, but also on calory losser and the level of physical activity. The aim of nutritional support should be the prevention or reversal of malnutrition, and this should be initiated early as possible to improve outcomes.Key Word: cancer patients, calory requirement, nutritional support

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Introduction: Insulin-like growth factor (IGF)-1 is one of the hormones that plays a role in the growth of adolescent girls. Its level will rise at puberty and begin to decline at the end of puberty. High IGF-1 levels in adult is associated with the incidence of breast cancer. This study aims to know the level of IGF-1 and investigates its relationship with dietary intake, nutritional status, and physical activity of adolescent girls aged 13-15 in Jakarta. Methods: This cross-sectional study used secondary data from a previous study (titled "Determinant Factor Levels of Estradiol, IGF-1, and Early Menarche in Adolescent Girls Aged 13-15 in Jakarta: Nutritional Epidemiology Study Related to Breast Cancer Risk Factors") and primary data from stored blood serum to measure IGF-1 levels by colorimetric method. The secondary data such as dietary intake, anthropometric data, and physical activities were obtained from 178 subjects with a total population sampling method. Results: There was a positive correlation between IGF-1 levels and carbohydrate intake (p=0.041, r=0.153) and a negative correlation between IGF-1 levels and fat intake (p=0.042, r=-0.152). No correlation between IGF-1 and body mass index was found, but there was a tendency that IGF-1 values would increase in overweight and decrease in obesity. IGF-1 levels have nonlinear pattern by carbohydrates intake, fat intake and nutritional status. Conclusion: The adolescent girls should maintain their nutritional status by maintaining diet, choosing the right and balanced foods, as well as increasing physical activities.

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