ABSTRAK ABSTRACT Type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) is the 10th leading cause of death in the world and had a risk 4.06 times greater to have cardiovascular disease (CVD). Fasting plasma glucose and 2-hours postprandial glucose level as diagnostic tests to evaluate DM and also as a predictive factors to CVD. This research uses descriptive analytic research with cross sectional design. The subject of this study is

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ABSTRAK Edamame (Glycine max) ABSTRACT Edamame (Glycine max) is a preparation of immature soybeans in the pod, which is high in calcium and dietary fiber, two elements described in previous studies

Graves' disease is an autoimmune disorder affecting the thyroid gland with a wide range of clinical manifestations. One of the most notable signs of Graves' disease is hyperthyroidism. In general, there are three options in treating Graves' hyperthyroidism: pharmacological therapy, thyroidectomy, and radioactive iodine therapy. Thionamides, which consist of methimazole, carbimazole, and propylthiouracil, are considered to be the most prominent pharmacological therapy of Graves' disease. Among these drugs, propylthiouracil is the least favored because of its adverse effects.

Background: This study aimed to assess non-thyroidal illness syndrome (NTIS) as a prognostic determinant in patients with sepsis, severe sepsis, and septic shock by evaluating thyroid hormone (TH) levels. Methodology: A systematic search was performed through electronic databases including PubMed, Embase, Scopus, and Medline. Following medical subject headings (MeSH) and free-text terms: "euthyroid sick syndrome" or "Euthyroid Sick Syndromes" or "non–thyroidal illness syndrome" or "non–thyroidal illness syndrome" or "sick euthyroid syndrome" or "low T3 syndrome" or "low tri-iodothyronine syndrome" AND "sepsis" or "septic shock" or "systemic inflammatory response syndrome" or "septicemia" or "bacteremia". Boolean operators’ combinations were applied to broaden and narrow the search results. Investigators independently reviewed the search results. For the purpose of the meta-analysis each thyroid hormone level was converted into the same unit: nmol/L for T3, T4 and rT3; μIU/mL for TSH; and pmol/L for fT3 and fT4. Statistical analysis was performed using Stata Statistical Software: Release 16. College Station, TX: StataCorp LLC. Results: A total of 843 patients from 9 studies were included in this analysis. In septic patients, the lowest effect size of thyroid function parameter was TSH (g = 2.05; 95% CI = 1.56-2.54), while T3, fT3, and fT4 had the lowest effect size in severe septic patients (g [95%CI]: 0.83 [0.22-1.44]; 1.92 [0.57-3.27]; 1.00 [0.87-1.13]). Patients with septic shock had the highest effect size of TSH (g = 2.08; 95% CI = 1.54-2.61) and fT4 (g = 9.26; 95% CI = 0.98-17.53). Meanwhile, the lowest was T4 (g = 65.60; 95% CI = 64.63-66.57) and rT3 (g = 0.29; 95% CI = 0.24-0.34). A lower effect size of T3 (g = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.76-0.91), T4 (g = 59.48; 95% CI = 57.92-61.04), fT3 (g = 2.25; 95% CI = 1.83-2.66), and fT4 (g = 9.19; 95% CI = 1.56-16.81) were found in non-survivor groups. Conclusion: Thyroid hormone levels differ according to the severity of sepsis in septic patients. Non-thyroidal illness syndrome is a prognostic factor in septic patients and is associated with the risk of the mortality. Abbreviations: ESS - Euthyroid Sick Syndrome; NTIS - Non-Thyroidal Illness Syndrome; Tg - Thyroglobulin Key words: Non-thyroidal illness syndrome; Euthyroid sick syndrome; Sepsis; Septic shock; Prognosis Citation: Wironegoro R, Kloping NA, Witarto AP, Nugraha D, Yogiswara N, Luke K, KlopingYP, Maulydia M, Adi S. Prognostic significance of non-thyroidal illness syndrome in sepsis and septic shock cases: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Anaesth. pain intensive care 2021;26(1):54-62. DOI: 10.35975/apic.v26i1.1768 Received: July 16, 2021, Reviewed: December 15, 2021, Accepted: December 28, 2021