This study investigates how a growth mindset is actualised in one first-grade teacher's classroom. Mindset refers to implicit beliefs that individuals hold about basic human qualities. A person with a growth mindset sees these qualities as malleable and subject to development, whereas a person with a fixed mindset sees these qualities as static and unalterable. Previous research has shown that teachers' mindsets have an influence on their pedagogical thinking and practice. The data in this study include classroom observations, videotaping and stimulated recall interviews. Deductive content analysis was used in the inquiry. The teacher's growth mindset pedagogy was actualised with one student in particular when the teacher gave critical feedback in the form of "not yet". This gradually changed the student's fixed mindset behaviour towards a growth mindset. The teacher's growth mindset was also actualised in the class as a whole when she fostered students' process-focused thinking with concrete and immediate praise, indicating her high expectations. The teacher studied can be regarded as an example of a growth-mindset teacher, and her actions and reflections on the teaching-studyinglearning process provide illuminating examples of growth mindset pedagogy in classroom interactions.
The purpose of this study was to investigate Finnish (n = 226) and Estonian (n = 347) teachers’ views on the nature of intelligence. The study utilized a survey that included a qualitative, open-ended question about teachers’ definition of intelligence and the quantitative inventory Implicit Theories of Intelligence (ITI). We then employed a convergent mixed-method design to understand teachers’ views on the nature of intelligence. These views were divided into four main categories: the multidimensional nature of intelligence, manifestational nature of intelligence, developmental nature of intelligence, and creative nature of intelligence. Teachers from both countries highlighted cognitive features, such as memory, information processing, and problem-solving skills, as a part of the multidimensional nature of intelligence. In addition, teachers viewed intelligence as developmental when measured with the ITI inventory, indicating that intelligence is considered incremental. Lastly, when triangulating the qualitative and quantitative data of teachers’ views on the nature of intelligence, only one statistically significant difference was found. Teachers with an entity view of intelligence also mentioned entity features in their own descriptions. The results showed that teachers views’ on the nature of intelligence are rather broad; however, in future studies, teacher interviews and classroom observation might provide even more profound understanding of teachers’ views on this topic.
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