Patients receiving identical radiation treatments experience different effects, from undetectable to severe, on normal tissues. A crucial factor of radiotherapy related side effects is individual radiosensitivity. It is difficult to spare surrounding normal tissues delivering radiation to cancer cells during radiotherapy. Therefore, it may be useful to develop a simple routine cytogenetic assay which would allow the screening of a large number of individuals for radiosensitivity optimizing tumor control rates and minimizing severe radiotherapy effects with possibility to predict risk level for developing more severe early normal tissue adverse events after irradiation. This study was conducted to assess the correlation between in vitro radiosensitivity of peripheral blood lymphocytes from cancer patients who are undergoing radiotherapy using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN), G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assays, and normal tissue acute side effects. The CBMN and G2 chromosomal radiosensitivity assays were performed on blood samples taken from cancer patients before radiotherapy, after first fractionation, and after radiotherapy. Acute normal tissue reactions were graded according to the Radiation Therapy Oncology Group/European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer. This study suggests that there is a correlation between higher frequency of micronuclei after in vitro irradiation of blood samples and higher degree of normal tissue reactions. In addition, higher number of chromatid breaks was observed in patients with more severe normal tissue reactions. This pilot study included only 5 cancer patients, and therefore, further studies with a bigger cohort are required to identify radiosensitive patients.
Speciation of 134'137Cs, 9~ 234U, 238U, 238pu, 239'24~ and 241Am was investigated in aerosol samples collected after the Chernobyl accident and in the Chernobyl soil. Sequential extraction experiments have shown a wide range of association of radionuclides, depending on sources, transformation peculiarities and radionuclide nature. Changes in speciation of 137 Cs and 9~ at various temperatures in the Chernobyl soil were analyzed. It was found that at 200~ -700~ a transformation of speciation of 137Cs took place and more available physico-chemical forms of Cs were formed. After heating at 900~ up to 94% of 137Cs was found in the residual form and was not extractable even with 7M HNO3. Heating of the soil to 450~ and 900 ~ C resulted in the formation of less available forms of 90 Sr.
Physico-chemical forms of 137 Cs, 90 Sr, in the atmospheric aerosol and deposition, and soil samples after the Chernobyl accident, forest fires and dust storms in the Ukraine and Belarus were investigated. Moreover, some studies of speciations of 239 240 Pu, 238 Pu in the atmosphere after the Chernobyl accident and concentrations of plutonium in cultivated soil were carried out.These investigations show that radionuclides are in a wide range of forms, depending on sources, transformation peculiarities and radionuclide nature. The most water-soluble ,37 Cs (up to 77%) was observed in aerosol samples after forest fires in highly contaminated regions and the most insoluble (up to 94%) -also in aerosol samples after a dust storm in the Ukraine. Sequential extraction experiments have shown that the main part of airborne plutonium after the Chernobyl accident (89-87%) was associated with residue.
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