The hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS), characterized by microangiopathic hemolytic anemia, thrombocytopenia and acute renal failure, represents one of the major causes of acute renal failure in infancy and childhood. The typical form occurring after an episode of diarrhea caused by Escherichia coli is the most frequent in children. Other microorganisms also may be responsible for HUS, such as Streptococcus pneumoniae, which causes more severe forms of the disease. We report an 8-month-old girl who presented with pneumonia and subsequently developed HUS. Renal biopsy showed characteristic lesion of thrombotic microangiopathy and extensive cortical necrosis. She was managed with peritoneal dialysis but did not improve and developed severe sepsis due to staphylococcal peritonitis, resulting in the death of the patient. Streptococcus pneumoniae-induced HUS is uncommon, but results in severe disease in the young. There is a high risk of these patients developing end-stage kidney disease in the long term.
Development Goals or other campaigns. While facilitylevel staff are often urged to 'improve' performance, they have difficulty assessing quantitatively how their facility should contribute to the intended outcome of each strategic initiative. The tool uses data that are readily available to district managers for the purpose of setting targets, measuring progress and optimising resources at each facility.
Tuberculosis (TB) remains a public health problem in Tunisia. Its incidence is higher in immunocompromised hosts than in the general population. In children and during hemodialysis, TB is characterized by the frequency of extrapulmonary localizations and diagnostic difficulties. The aim of this retrospective study is to evaluate the incidence of TB in Tunisian children undergoing hemodialysis and to determine its clinical features as well as the results of chemotherapy. Method: This retrospective study includes seven TB children among 112 children on hemodialysis at the pediatric nephrology department in Charles Nicolle Hospital from 2002 to 2008. The diagnosis of TB was established by a combination of clinical, radiological, biochemical, microbiological, and histological examinations. Treatment with anti-TB drugs, the results of therapy, and the outcome of patients were noted. Results: There were four girls and three boys aged 10 to 16 years (mean, 13 years). They had been on hemodialysis for 2 to 5 years (mean, 3 years). Noted clinical features were weight loss and fever in five cases, chest pain in one case, cervical lymph node in one case, and spinal pain in one case. The organ systems involved were pleural in two cases, pulmonary in one case, peritoneal in one case, cervical lymphatic in one case, and spinal in one case. One patient was treated empirically with a good response. Diagnosis was made by isolation of mycobacterium TB in three cases, by specific histological signs observed in a lymph node biopsy in one case, in peritoneal biopsy in one case, and in discovertebral biopsy in one case. In the remaining patient, the clinical and radiological presentations were compatible with pulmonary TB. All patients received four anti-TB drugs: isoniazid, rifampicin, pyrazinamide, and ethambutol. One patient died with miliary TB. The other patients had favorable outcomes. Conclusions: TB in hemodialysis children has a nonspecific clinical presentation. Extrapulmonary locations are most common. Diagnosis is often difficult, but successful outcomes are possible when made at an early stage.
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