Background The study aims to explore factors that affect the compliance of Indonesia National Health Insurance (INHI) in paying the premiums. Methods The study design was qualitative with grounded theory research approach and constructivism paradigm. The study was conducted in 2018 and carried out for 3 months. We recruited 22 respondents from four different cities/districts. Triangulation was carried out through 26 informants from various stakeholders. Data were analyzed through coding, categorizing and pattern matching to obtain substantive theory. Results The resulting substantive theory consists of 6 constructs and 14 categories. Compliance with paying insurance premium depends on the intention to pay for contribution. Meanwhile, the intention to pay is related to internal and external factors of INHI participants. To improve payment contribution of independent participants, INHI program has to pay attention for factors originating internally from the participants themselves (understanding of INHI program, financial ability and self-attitude) and also externally such as operational system and the quality of health care. Conclusion Compliance of paying insurance premium is related to internal and external factors of participants. Thus, interventions to improve compliance to pay premium should take these factors into account, and not merely on increasing the knowledge of participants.
Indonesia:Menurut World Federation Mental Health, 1 dari 5 orang di dunia mengalami gangguan mental. Menurut beberapa studi yang sudah dilakukan, salah satu faktor penyebabnya adalah faktor status sosial ekonomi yang masih rendah di negara-negara berkembang. Oleh karena itu, penenilitian ini dilakukan untuk mengetahui bagaimana pengaruh faktor status sosial ekonomi terhadap gangguan mental gejala depresi yang ada di salah satu negara berkembang yaitu Indonesia. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kuantitatif berbasis data sekunder yang diambil dari data Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) menggunakan kuesioner CESD-10 untuk variabel gejala depresi. Variable Gejala Depresi yang didapat dari IFLS terlebih dahulu diolah menggunakan rasch model lalu seluruh variabel diolah menggunakan metode regresi logistik. Hasilnya, terdapat hubungan negatif antara faktor status sosial ekonomi dengan gangguan mental gejala depresi di Indonesia. Faktor status sosial ekonomi berpengaruh secara signifikan terhadap gangguan mental gejala depresi di Indonesia yang berarti setiap terjadi peningkatan dari status sosial ekonomi yang dalam hal ini mencangkup pendidikan, kekayaan, dan status pekerjaan seseorang, akan menurunkan tingkat gangguan mental gejala depresi di Indonesia.English:According to the World Federation of Mental Health, 1 in 5 people in the world experience mental disorders. According to several studies, one of the contributing factors is the low socioeconomic status factor in developing countries. Therefore, this study was conducted to find out how the influence of socioeconomic status factors on mental disorders (depressive symptoms) in one of the developing countries, Indonesia. This study uses quantitative methods based on secondary data taken from Indonesia Family Life Survey (IFLS) using the CESD-10 questionnaire for depressive symptom variables. Depressive Symptoms variable obtained from the IFLS are first processed using the Rasch model then all variables are processed using the logistic regression method. As a result, there is a negative relationship between socioeconomic status factors and mental disorders (depressive symptoms) in Indonesia. Socioeconomic status factors significantly affect the mental disorders of depressive symptoms in Indonesia, which means that any increase in socioeconomic status which in this case covers the education, wealthy, and employment status of a person, will reduce the level of mental disorders of depressive symptoms in Indonesia.
Background In Indonesia, nearly half of all children aged less than six months were not exclusively breastfed in 2017. This study aimed to compare the cost of providing direct or indirect exclusive breastfeeding 0–6 months, partial exclusive breastfeeding and commercial milk formula only. This study also assessed the maternal socioeconomic and mental health factors to providing exclusive breastfeeding. Methods Data were collected in 2018 via a cross-sectional survey of 456 mothers in Bandung City and Purwakarta District, West Java Province, Indonesia, who had children aged less than six months. We used micro-costing to calculate the cost of productivity, equipment, supplies, and training of mothers when providing direct exclusive breastfeeding, indirect exclusive breastfeeding, partial exclusive breastfeeding (a mix of breastfeed and commercial milk formula), and infant formula/commercial milk formula only. Logistic regression was used to determine the impact of several independent variables, including mother’s level of depression, on exclusive breastfeeding. Results To provide direct exclusive breastfeeding, the cost per mother in the first six months is US$81.08, which is less expensive than indirect exclusive breastfeeding (US$171.15), partial exclusive breastfeeding (US$487.8) and commercial milk formula (US$494.9). We also found that education and age are associated with the decision to provide direct exclusive breastfeeding. Mothers who work will most likely provide indirect exclusive breastfeeding, commercial milk formula, or partial breastfeeding as opposed to direct exclusive breastfeeding. Finally, although severe depression symptoms have a positive relationship with the decision to provide commercial milk formula over direct exclusive breastfeeding, the evidence here is not strong. Conclusions The total cost of providing only commercial milk formula is 6-times higher than the cost of direct exclusive breastfeeding. The presence of severe depression symptoms is positively related to mothers opting for other feeding methods aside of direct exclusive breastfeeding and indirect exclusive breastfeeding. This study shows that direct exclusive breastfeeding is economically preferable to other methods, supports policies to reduce the time cost of exclusive breastfeeding (e.g., paid maternity leave and maternal cash transfers), and addresses the importance of mother’s mental health to ensure successful breastfeeding.
The protection of Indonesian citizens is the main agenda of Indonesia's current foreign policy. With the spread of Indonesian citizens all over the world, the protection of Indonesian citizens abroad is very important for Indonesia. This study aims to know in depth about the governance of protection systems towards Indonesian citizens in facing transnational crime threats. The method used qualitative by conducting interviews to the stakeholders of Indonesian citizen protection and is enriched through an analysis of international political economy. The results showed that prevention sector is the weakest link in the protection system of Indonesia citizens abroad while other sectors are affected with intriguing problems in prevention sector. AbstrakPerlindungan warga negara Indonesia merupakan agenda utama kebijakan luar negeri Indonesia saat ini. Dengan penyebaran warganya di seluruh dunia, perlindungan warga negara Indonesia di luar negeri sangat penting bagi Indonesia. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui secara mendalam tentang tata kelola sistem proteksi terhadap warga negara Indonesia dalam menghadapi ancaman kejahatan transnasional. Metode yang digunakan kualitatif dengan melakukan wawancara kepada pemangku kepentingan perlindungan warga negara Indonesia dan diperkaya melalui analisis ekonomi politik internasional. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sektor pencegahan merupakan mata rantai terlemah dalam sistem perlindungan warga negara Indonesia di luar negeri sementara sektor lainnya terpengaruh oleh masalah yang ada di sektor pencegahan.
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