Graptophyllum pictum (L.) Griff., a shrubby stove plant, has been used traditionally to treat various diseases. This review summarizes the up-to-date data about its phytochemistry and pharmacological properties and provides a perspective and direction for future research. The phytochemical analysis of G. pictum revealed the presence of flavonoids, steroids, glycoside, tannins, saponin, chlorophyll, nontoxic alkaloid, and anthocyanin. Meanwhile, the pharmacological analysis revealed that this plant possessed various activities such as antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, antioxidant, anti-inflammation, anti-analgetic, woundhealing, anti-hemorrhoid, anti-diabetic, and estrogenic effects. However, most of its pharmacological activities were based on the crude extracts and the bioactive compounds responsible for the bioactivities have not been well identified. A further detailed investigation in phytochemistry to identify the bioactive compounds and to investigate the mechanism action of its bioactivities is required. Moreover, a toxicology study is also needed to develop a standardized formulation of G. pictum preparation and to fulfill the requirements of modern phytomedicine.
Abstrak: Kelor (Moringa oleifera L.) adalah tanaman yang memiliki berbagai macam manfaat bagi kesehatan. Manfaat kelor dapat diperoleh dari bagian daun. Salah satu senyawa yang ada di dalam daun kelor dan memiliki manfaat adalah senyawa fenol. Senyawa fenol diuji dari ekstrak daun kelor yang diperoleh dengan menggunakan metode ultrasonik. Metode ultrasonik adalah metode ekstraksi yang dapat menghasilkan ekstrak secara efektif dan efisien. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh variasi konsentrasi bahan: pelarut (1:10, 1:15, dan 1:20) dan lama ekstraksi (10, 20, dan 30 menit) terhadap nilai rendemen dan kadar total fenol dari ekstrak daun kelor. Ekstrak yang diperoleh kemudian ditimbang dan dihitung nilai rendemennya. Setelah itu, ekstrak daun kelor dilakukan uji skrinning fitokimia dan uji kadar total fenol. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, menunjukkan bahwa nilai rendemen tertinggi dari ekstrak daun kelor diperoleh dari rasio bahan: pelarut 1:20 b/v dengan lama ekstraksi 30 menit yaitu sebesar 35,89%. Kemudian hasil kadar total fenol tertinggi diperoleh dari ekstrak etanol daun kelor pada rasio bahan: pelarut 1:20 b/v dengan lama ekstraksi 30 menit yaitu sebesar 25,9 GAE/g.
Diabetes mellitus (DM) is one of the four priorities of non-infectious diseases in the world, divided into type I DM and type II DM. This research was conducted to non-government insurance patients, in order to see the difference in the cost of using Oral Hypoglycemic Drugs (OHDs), namely Metformin and Glimepiride in Serang, because there is hig incidence of type II DM there. There were more than 500 outpatients in 2018, with around 70-100 non-government insurance patients. This study was an observational analytic study using a crosssectional approach whose data were taken retrospectively. Subjects were nongovernment insurance type II DM outpatients in 2018, aged 20-65 years, and adhering to treatment using Metformin and Glimepiride. The tools used are paper,
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