The aim of this study is to reduce ammonia concentration in tannery wastewater using bagasse fly ash in a batch adsorption system. Experiments were conducted to study the effect of various parameters such as adsorbent dose and contact time. Data analysis was performed by calculating the efficiency of adsorption and fitting the data into Freundlich and Langmuir isotherm models. Correlation coefficient and mean squared error were used to evaluate the performance of the models. From the results, it was found that the operating conditions to achieve an optimum removal efficiency of 45.72% are 1 hour contact time and 2 grams of bagasse fly ash. The results also indicate that the data fits Langmuir model well where Langmuir constant Q o , b, and correlation coefficient were found to be 0.706 mg/g, 0.209 L/mg, and 0.9424, respectively.
Monitor lizard (Varanus salvator) skin is exotic leather because it has a unique grain. Therefore, the original grain of the animal needs to be maintained in the finishing process so that its performances look likes natural. This research aimed to study the effect of tanning materials (vegetable and chrome) and the type of finish (natural, aniline, semi-aniline and two tone) on morphology, organoleptic and mechanical properties of lizard skin. The materials used in this study were dry preserved lizard skins. The research varied on the types of tanning (vegetable and chrome) and the type of finish (natural, aniline, semi-aniline and two tone) each by varying the finishing materials (casein and protein binders). The tests were conducted on the observation of the structure using photomicrographs, rub fastness, adhesion of finish strength, tensile strength, elongation at break and organoleptic. The results showed that the best result was vegetable tanned lizard skin using natural finish with casein and met the requirements of SNI 06-4362-1996, lizard skin for shoe upper. This gave dry and wet rub fastness of 5 and 5 respectively; dry and wet adhesion of finish strength of 650 and 100 g/cm respectively; tensile strength of 207.43 kg/cm 2 ; elongation at break of 37.52% and organoleptic value of panelists observations of 87.9 (good).
In the leather industry, there are many different types of finish, i.e. two-tone, transparent, semi aniline and opaque/solid color. The composition formulation of each finish type is different so each will impact not only on the performance but also on the properties of the finished leather. The objective of this research was to investigate the effects of finish type (natural, aniline, semi-aniline, and two-tone) on permeability and organoleptic properties of python skin finished leather. This research focused on the finishing process with various finish types. The results showed that the effect of semi-aniline (I,II) finish type on water vapor permeability reduction is the highest when compared with natural (I, II); aniline (I,II) and two-tone finish types. Otherwise, the effect of semi-aniline (I,II) finish type on organoleptic properties is the lowest compared with natural (I, II); aniline (I,II) and two-tone finish types. The aniline I finish type has better organoleptic properties.
Optimization of the reaction time on the formation of indofenol blue complex for N-Ammonia analysis in the tannery
PENDAHULUANAmonia adalah suatu senyawa nitrogen yang banyak digunakan untuk produksi berbagai komoditi seperti pupuk, obat-obatan, dan lain-lain. Di alam amonia berasal dari air buangan industri (Ashrafizadeh and Khorasani, 2010) dan biodegradasi senyawa organik secara mikrobiologis (Li et al., 2013). Salah satu industri penghasil amonia adalah industri penyamakan kulit. Industri penyamakan kulit dalam operasinya menghasilkan limbah cair, padat dan gas. Limbah cair merupakan limbah yang paling banyak dibuang oleh industri penyamakan kulit. Menurut Gubernur Kepala
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